The term esbat in this sense was described by Margaret Murray.

Erroneously believing the coven to be a survival of the pre-Christian Witch-Cult discussed in the works of Margaret Murray, he decided to revive the faith, supplementing the coven's rituals with ideas borrowed from Freemasonry, ceremonial magic and the writings of Aleister Crowley to form the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca.

Subsequent research by the likes of Hutton and Heselton has shown that in fact the New Forest coven was probably only formed in the early 20th century, based upon such sources as folk magic and the theories of Margaret Murray.

The pioneers of the various Wiccan or Witchcraft traditions, such as Gerald Gardner, Doreen Valiente and Robert Cochrane, all claimed that their religion was a continuation of the pagan religion of the Witch-Cult following historians who had purported the Witch-Cult's existence, such as Jules Michelet and Margaret Murray.

Margaret Murray had mentioned this information in her 1933 book The God of the Witches, and Hutton theorised that Alex Sanders had taken it from there, enjoying the fact that he shared his name with the ancient Macedonian emperor.

Following the writings of suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage and others, Margaret Murray, in her 1921 book The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, proposed the theory that the witches of the early-modern period were remnants of a pagan cult and that the Christian Church had declared the god of the witches was in fact the Devil.

Margaret Alice Murray ( 13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963 ) was a prominent British Egyptologist and anthropologist.

Margaret Murray accompanied the renowned Egyptologist Sir William Flinders Petrie, on several archaeological excavations in Egypt and Palestine during the late 1890s.

Ten years later and having reached 100 years of age, Margaret Murray published her final work, an autobiography entitled My First Hundred Years ( 1963 ).

Later commenting on A Razor for a Goat, Richard Kieckhefer noted that when the book was first published " it was recognised as a biting critique of the views of Margaret Murray … Now, forty years later, Rose's book may perhaps seem more of a revisionist work within Murray's school of interpretation.

In 1994, folklorist Jacqueline Simpson published an article in the Folklore journal entitled " Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her, and Why?

" in which she took a particularly critical approach to the Murrayite theory, explaining its faults, and looking at the history of the hypotheses ' criticism ; within it she remarked that " No British folklorist can remember Dr Margaret Murray without embarrassment.

In the 1920s Margaret Murray theorized that a Witchcraft religion existed underground and in secret, and had survived through the witchcraft prosecutions that had been enacted by the ecclesiastical and secular courts.

Thus, Wicca in particular is sometimes referred to by its proponents as " The Old Religion ", a term popularised by Margaret Murray in the 1920s, while Germanic neopaganism is referred to in some of its varieties as Forn Sed (" Old Custom ").

These included ceremonial magic, folk magic, Romanticist literature, Freemasonry, and the historical theories of the English archaeologist Margaret Murray.

Another view is that Robin Hood's origins must be sought in folklore or mythology ; Despite the frequent Christian references in the early ballads, Robin Hood has been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe.

In 1893 Washington married Margaret James Murray.

The word coven remained largely unused in English until 1921 when Margaret Murray promoted the idea, now much disputed, that all witches across Europe met in groups of thirteen which they called " covens ".

South Australia is famed for the above mentioned Barossa Valley ; in Western Australia the Swan Valley, Margaret River and Manjimup regions, as well as Broome in the north ; Victoria is famed for the Murray River regions and the Mornington Peninsula.

In 1933, the Egyptologist Margaret Murray published the book, The God of the Witches, in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across Europe by a witch-cult.

* Margaret Murray – The Divine King in England.

From the 1970s, these ideas were taken up by popular writers of second-wave feminism and expanded with the speculations of Margaret Murray on witchcraft, by the Goddess movement, and in feminist Wicca, as well as in works by Elizabeth Gould Davis, Riane Eisler, and Merlin Stone.

Drawing upon the work of Margaret Murray and Robert Graves, Stone postulates a prehistoric matriarchal religion, painting ancient societies, including Ancient Egypt as matriarchal paradises, destroyed by the patriarchal Indo-Europeans.

Hordern was born in The Poplars, an 18th century townhouse in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, the son of Margaret Emily ( Murray ) and Capt.

When the Achaeans entertained Wednesday last at their annual Carnival masquerade ball, Miss Margaret Pierson was chosen to rule over the festivities, presented at the Muncipal Auditorium and chosen as her ladies in waiting were Misses Clayton Nairne, Eleanor Eustis, Lynn Chapman, Irwin Leatherman of Robinsonville, Miss. and Helene Rowley.

This was most obvious in the ' Culture and Personality ' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict.

The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element.

His assistant was Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, later replaced by Margaret Fuller.

Alcott was rejected by most public opinion and, by the summer of 1837, he had only 11 students left and no assistant after Margaret Fuller moved to Providence, Rhode Island.

Alexander was the fourth son of Malcolm III by his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor.

Other highlights of that decade included the 1942 debut of Fearless Fosdick as Abner's " ideel " ( hero ); the 1946 Lena the Hyena Contest, in which a hideous Lower Slobbovian gal was ultimately revealed in the harrowing winning entry ( as judged by Frank Sinatra, Boris Karloff and Salvador Dalí ) drawn by noted cartoonist Basil Wolverton ; and an ill-fated Sunday parody of Gone With the Wind that aroused anger and legal threats from author Margaret Mitchell, and led to a printed apology within the strip.

Fuller was born on July 12, 1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and Caroline Wolcott Andrews, and also the grandnephew of the American Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller.

Bostock, who had been held aboard Queen Anne's Revenge, was returned unharmed to Margaret and was allowed to leave with his crew.

British Steel was privatised in 1988 by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher.

After initial Conservative opposition to Keynesian fiscal policy, this settlement was broadly accepted by all parties until Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979.

Christopher Soames, Britain's Ambassador to France during the government of Edward Heath and cabinet minister under Margaret Thatcher, remarked that " Mrs. Thatcher was not really running a team.

However, in the 1980s, under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, and the influence of Keith Joseph, there was a dramatic shift in the ideological direction of British conservatism, with a movement towards free-market economic policies.

When her friend Margaret Bush-Brown insisted that Les Derniers was good enough to be exhibited at the famed Paris Salon, Beaux relented and sent the painting abroad in the care of her friend, who managed to get the painting into the exhibition.

The last event in Cotton Mather's involvement with witchcraft was his attempt to cure Mercy Short and Margaret Rule.

The division between the United Kingdom during the government of Margaret Thatcher which resisted the call for sanctions and African Commonwealth countries was intense at times and led to speculation that the organization might collapse.

It was at one of these in 1952 he became acquainted with fellow exhibitor Margaret Wynnfred Williams ( 1917-March 10, 1993 ), nicknamed Garé.

David Brewster was born at the Canongate in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire to Margaret Key ( 1753 – 1790 ) and James Brewster ( c. 1735 – 1815 ), the rector of Jedburgh Grammar School and a teacher of high reputation.

In April 2006, Margaret Witt, a major in the United States Air Force who was being investigated for homosexuality filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that DADT violates substantive due process, the Equal Protection Clause, and procedural due process.

His mother, Margaret Mary " Peggy " ( née Burns ) worked as a cinema usherette, while his father, Haywood Stenton " John " Jones was a promotions officer for Barnardo's.

In Europe, in fact, it was often the female members of the Order, such as Catherine of Siena, Mechthild of Magdeburg, Christine of Stommeln, Margaret Ebner, and Elsbet Stagl, that gained reputations for having mystical experiences.

Among these was Countess Margaret of Flanders who established the monastery of Lille, while Val-Duchesse at Oudergern near Brussels was built with the wealth of Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant ( 1262 ).

Queen Margaret University was founded in 1875, as The Edinburgh School of Cookery and Domestic Economy, by Christian Guthrie Wright and Louisa Stevenson.