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Marx's and Critique
This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.
Marx's clearest formulation of his " Materialist Conception of History " was in the 1859 Preface to his book " A contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ," whose relevant passage is reproduced here:
In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then ; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of " class " as an objective entity was fallacious.
Marx's contributions to the Jahrbücher include the Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, which includes his famous description of religion as " the opiate of the people.
An example of this sort of analysis is Marx's understanding of religion, summed up in a passage from the preface to his 1843 Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right:
* Eldred, Michael ( 1984 ) Critique of Competitive Freedom and the Bourgeois-Democratic State: Outline of a Form-analytic Extension of Marx's Uncompleted System.
Similar to Lenin's use of it, left communists, coming from the Communist International themselves started in fact with a theory of decadence in the first place, yet the communist left sees the theory of decadence at the heart of Marx's method as well, expressed in famous works such as The Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse, Das Kapital but most significantly in Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.
Although Lassalle was a member of the Communist League, his politics were strongly opposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ; indeed Marx's essay Critique of the Gotha Program is written in part as a reaction to Lassalle's conception of the socialist state.
Whereas both Marxist-Leninist and Social-Democratic orthodox thinkers viewed Marxism as a new kind of positive science, Frankfurt School theorists, such as Horkheimer, rather based their work on the epistemological base of Karl Marx's work, which presented itself as critique, as in Marx's Capital: A Critique of Political Economy.
" The quotation originates from the introduction of his proposed work A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right ; this work was never written, but the introduction ( written in 1843 ) was published in 1844 in Marx's own journal Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, a collaboration with Arnold Ruge.
In the book For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign ( 1972 ), Baudrillard developed the semiotic theory of " the Sign " ( sign value ) as a development of Marx's theory of commodity fetishism and of the exchange-value vs. use-value dichotomy of capitalism.
Karl Marx's famous Critique of the Gotha Program criticized what he saw as a Lassallean victory over the Eisenachers whom he favored ; interestingly, Bernstein later noted that it was Liebknecht, considered by many to be the strongest Marxist advocate within the Eisenacher faction, who proposed the inclusion of many of the ideas which so thoroughly irritated Marx.
Marx's philosophy is thus inextricably linked to his critique of political economy and to his historical interventions in the workers ' movement, such as the 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program or The Communist Manifesto, written with Engels ( who was observing the Chartist movement ) a year before the Revolutions of 1848.
This referential expansion led, for instance, to the formulation of the idea of social critique, such as arose after Karl Marx's theoretical work delineated in his Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy ( 1859 ), which was a critique of the then-current models of economic theory and thought of that time.
Marx's major work on political economy was Capital: A Critique of Political Economy ( better known by its German title Das Kapital ), a three-volume work, of which only the first volume was published in his lifetime ( the others were published by Friedrich Engels from Marx's notes ).
One of Marx's early works, Critique of Political Economy, was mostly incorporated into Capital, especially the beginning of Volume I. Marx's notes made in preparation for writing Capital were published years later under the title Grundrisse.
The Critique of the Gotha Program, published after his death, was one of Marx's last major writings.

Marx's and Political
Their book Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy proposes dissolving ( their words ) the transformation problem in Marx's political economy by re-conceptualising the relevant quantities as random variables.
In Dialectical Economics: An Introduction to Marxist Political Economy, a book published in 1975 by D. C. Heath and Company under the pen name Lyn Marcus, LaRouche tried to show that numerous Marxists – ranging from the Monthly Review group to Ernest Mandel, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro and the " Soviet economists " – had failed to correctly understand and interpret Marx's writing.

Marx's and played
Julius Marx's character from " Fun In Hi Skule " was an ethnic German, so Julius played him with a German accent.
In addition, the publication of Henryk Grossman's principal work, Das Akkumulations-and Zusammenbruchsgesetz des Kapitalistischen Systems ( 1929 ), played a fundamental role for Mattick, as Grossmann brought Marx's theory of accumulation, which had been completely forgotten, back to the centre of debate in the workers ' movement.

Marx's and important
The other important contribution to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which led Marx to conceive of the historical dialectic in terms of class conflict and to see the modern working class as the most progressive force for revolution.
Paul Thomas, of the University of California, Berkeley, claims that while Engels had been the most important and dedicated facilitator and diffuser of Marx's writings, he significantly altered Marx's intents as he held, edited and released them in a finished form, and commentated on them.
In a later essay, Debord will argue that his work was the most important social critique since Marx's work.
In political economy, Bortkiewicz is important for his analysis of Karl Marx's reproduction schema in the last two volumes of Capital.
Barton Biggs, chief investment strategist of Morgan Stanley, described Wanniski's book about supply-side economics, The Way the World Works, as the " most important " economic book published since Marx's writings.
In an important essay Roman Rosdolsky shows the important role of use value in Marx's economics.
Marx's most important works on social and political history include The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, The Communist Manifesto, and The German Ideology.
However, cultural determinists do not necessarily disagree with Marx's view of social class as an important determining factor as well.
" Lenski viewed the Marxist societies of the last century as important, but too often neglected, social experiments that put Marx's view of human nature to the test and found it wanting ( Lenski ," Marxist Experiments in Destratification: An Appraisal ," Social Forces, 1978 ; Gerhard Lenski, Patrick Nolan, Jean Lenski, Human Societies, 7th ed., 1995, chapter 15 ).
* The Cambridge economist Piero Sraffa returned to the classical economic meaning of " surplus ", but his concept differs from Marx's in at least three important ways: ( 1 ) The substance of Sraffa's surplus is not a claim on the surplus labour of others but a physical surplus, i. e. the value of physical output less the value of physical inputs used up to produce it, in abstraction from price changes ( roughly, like a " standard valuation " in national accounts ); ( 2 ) The magnitude of the surplus in Sraffa's model is exclusively technologically determined by the physical replacement requirements of the economy – and not by power or class relationships – so that the more efficient the economy becomes, the more surplus is created ; ( 3 ) The form of Sraffa's surplus includes both the gross profit component and the value of goods and services consumed by workers, so that the distribution of the physical surplus between capitalists and workers occurs after a fixed quantity of surplus has already been produced.
Marx's concept corresponds roughly with the concept of value added in national accounts, with some important differences ( see below ) and with the proviso that it applies only to the net output of capitalist production, not to the valuation of all production in a society, part of which may of course not be commercial production at all.
Among German Marxists, Marx's fragmentary remarks on the law of value in a world market setting stimulated an important theoretical debate in the 1970s and early 1980s.
In the Marxian view, answers given to this question have important implications for explaining and predicting the pattern and direction of capitalist economic growth ( this is the subject of Marx's theory of economic reproduction and the mobilisation of capitals ).
In this regard, it is interesting to study the writings of Michael Porter, in order to see how Marx's original intent relates to modern competitive business practice, and how it might be elaborated on ( see further the important studies by Willi Semmler and Christian Bidard ).

Marx's and role
Bakunin's viewpoint on the illegitimacy of the state as an institution and the role of electoral politics was starkly counterposed to Marx's views in the First International.
The work contains the most famous formulation of Marx's view of the role of the individual in history: " Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please ; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past.
This is distinct from theories of economic determinism such as that of Marx, namely that an individual or class ' role in the means of production determines outlook and cultural roles ( although some Marxists reject the label " economic determinism " as an accurate description of Marx's views ).
We Won't Pay ( 1978 ), Eleanor Marx's Landscape of Exile ( 1979 ), and in the title role of Hamlet ( 1980 ).
Starting from a Marxist analysis of the ideas of Max Weber on China and India's " hydraulic-bureaucratic official-state " and building on Marx's sceptical view of the Asiatic Mode of Production, Wittfogel came up with an analysis of Oriental despotism which emphasized the role of irrigation works, the bureaucratic structures needed to maintain them and the impact that these had on society, coining the term " hydraulic empire " to describe the system.
Others argue that the concept of production price plays a different role in Marx's theory: the aim of the concept is to show how the distribution, as profit income, of the new surplus value produced ( in the form of new outputs of goods and services ) is affected by price movements and more specifically by competition between producers, and what variables and dimensions are involved here.
According to Leon, Marx's essay states that one “ must not start with religion in order to explain Jewish history ; on the contrary: the preservation of the Jewish religion or nationality can be explained only by the ' real Jew ', that is to say, by the Jew in his economic and social role ”.
He would not, however, have a role as popular as Chop Top until 2003, when he starred as the maniacal Otis B. Driftwood ( named after Groucho Marx's character from A Night at the Opera ) in Rob Zombie's directorial debut House of 1000 Corpses.

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