Its critics claim equivalence economy is practically impossible, and some indeed point to Marx's rejection in the Grundrisse of the " time-chit " theory of allocating goods proposed by 18th and 19th century utopian socialists such as John Francis Bray and John Gray On this view, Dieterich at most shows that the allocation of goods according to commercial principles is only one method of allocating resources ; other methods such as sharing, redistribution, subsidization, barter, grants and direct allocation according to need may often serve the interest of fairness, efficiency and social justice better, provided that people accept a common ethic about what is best for all, if they can see that adopting such an ethic has good results.

" Also, McLellan and Francis Wheen argue readers should interpret On the Jewish Question in the deeper context of Marx's debates with Bruno Bauer, author of The Jewish Question, about Jewish emancipation in Germany.

By contrast, Marx's dialectical materialism considers history as a product of material class struggle in society.

Hyam Maccoby has argued that " On the Jewish Question " is an example of what he considers to be Marx's " early anti-Semitism.

Marx's theory of alienation considers the human and social implications of the abstraction and commercialization of labour.

In his book Crack Capitalism ( Pluto Press, 2010 ), John Holloway ( sociologist ) considers abstract labour as the most radical foundational category of Marx's theory, and therefore he recommends the struggle against abstract labour as the centrepiece of the political struggle against capitalism.

* Marx's theory of history

( good reply to false interpretations of Marx's view of history )

Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuse's views as essentially anti-Marxist, in that they ignored Marx's critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a " New World of Happiness ".

Marx's view of history, which came to be called historical materialism ( controversially adapted as the philosophy of dialectical materialism by Engels and Lenin ) certainly shows the influence of Hegel's claim that one should view reality ( and history ) dialectically.

Singer notes that " Marx's ideas brought about modern sociology, transformed the study of history, and profoundly affected philosophy, literature and the arts.

* Marx's notebooks on the history of technology

Although Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history.

Since its first publication, Marxist scholars have found the work particularly valuable since it is perhaps the most comprehensive statement of Marx's theory of history stated at such length and detail.

" Marx's theory follows a materialist law of history and space, where the development of the productive forces is seen as the primary motive force for historical change, and according to which the social and material contradictions inherent to capitalism will inevitably lead to its negation, thereby replacing capitalism with a new rational form of society: communism.

This perspective formed the bulk of the foundation for Karl Marx's materialist conception of history.

* Marx's theory of history

Some literary critics have described Asimov's psychohistory as a reformulation, either for better or worse, of Karl Marx's theory of history ( historical materialism ), though Asimov denied any direct influence.

Arguably, Asimov's psychohistory departs significantly from Marx's general theory of history based on modes of production ( as distinct from Marx's model of the capitalist economy, where " natural laws " work themselves out with " iron necessity ") in that psychohistory is predictive ( if only in the sense of involving precisely stated probabilities ), and in that psychohistory is extrapolated from individual psychology and even from physics.

Methodologically, his view of history followed the Hegelian dialectic tradition, that culminated in Marx's historical materialism.

In the history of Marx's thought and Marxism, this work is pivotal in the distinction between the Marxist concepts of utopian socialism and scientific socialism.

Karl Marx's theory of economic development was based on the premise of evolving economic systems ; specifically, over the course of history superior economic systems would replace inferior ones.

In Marx's Theory of Exchange ( 1973 ), Roberts argued that Marx was an organizational theorist whose materialist conception of history ruled out good will as an effective force for change.

* Marx's theory of history

From a scientific econometrist's perspective, however, what is especially odd is that although Marx's concepts of price and value have been dismissed as nonsensical, the concept of GDP has been hailed e. g. by Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus as " truly among the great inventions of the twentieth century ".

It is during the mid-nineteenth century that red became synonymous with revolution and Karl Marx's socialist vision.

The school was active into the mid 19th century and was followed by neoclassical economics in Britain beginning around 1870, or, in Marx's definition by " vulgar political economy " from the 1830s.

For that, he spent his last days writing an ambitious critique of Marx's political philosophy as a by-product of 18th century rationalism that would provide the theoretical framework for this party.

In the 19th century, Karl Marx's contemporary, Carl Menger ( 1840 – 1921 ), proposed the " Theory of Subjective Wants ", wherein the behaviour of the market is explainable only in terms of the subjective wants of the buyer and the seller.

Marxist and Marx-influenced 20th century theory, such as ( to name a few random examples ) the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, the political writing of Antonio Gramsci, and the neo-Marxism of Fredric Jameson, must take Marx's condemnation of philosophy into account, but many such thinkers also feel a strong need to remedy the perceived theoretical problems with orthodox Marxism.

Another one of the 19th century critics of Malthusian theory was Karl Marx who referred to it as " nothing more than a schoolboyish, superficial plagiary of De Foe, Sir James Steuart, Townsend, Franklin, Wallace " ( in Capital, see Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital-reference below ).

" Lenski viewed the Marxist societies of the last century as important, but too often neglected, social experiments that put Marx's view of human nature to the test and found it wanting ( Lenski ," Marxist Experiments in Destratification: An Appraisal ," Social Forces, 1978 ; Gerhard Lenski, Patrick Nolan, Jean Lenski, Human Societies, 7th ed., 1995, chapter 15 ).

The popular renderings of Marxism found in the works of Kautsky and Bebel were read and distributed more widely in Europe between the late 19th century and 1914 than Marx's own works.

However, this can be seen as a misrepresentation of both Marx's ideas and historical reality, since feudal-type economies existed in various parts of the world well into the 20th century.

* Marx's ideas about crises were based on the kind of capitalism that existed in the mid-19th century, without it being very clear what the continuities and discontinuities are with present-day capitalism.

In Marx's critique of political economy, the capitalist mode of production is the production system of capitalist societies, which began in Europe in the 16th century, grew rapidly in Western Europe from the end of the 18th century, and later extended to most of the world.

Marx's work in American studies examines the relationship between technology and culture in 19th and 20th century America.

Other world premieres will be Gardner Read's Third Symphony and Burle Marx's Samba Concertante.

Marxism can be regarded as a needs-based theory on some readings of Marx's slogan " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".

Engels and Marx soon set about writing a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, the Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer, which would be published in 1845 as The Holy Family.

Marx's dual view of capitalism can be seen in his description of the capitalists: he refers to them as to vampires sucking worker's blood, but at the same time, he notes that drawing profit is " by no means an injustice " and that capitalists simply cannot go against the system.

( Scholars have debated whether Marx's comments about the proletariat can be analyzed in the context of the working class ).

This could perhaps be seen as an extension of Marx's work as he did not cover this area in detail.

" Marx's reply was " No more than a manufacturer today ceases to be a capitalist when he becomes a member of the municipal council.

In its ' essence, Marx's theory stated that economic and political systems went through an inevitable evolution in form, by which the current capitalist system would be replaced by a Socialist state before achieving international cooperation and peace in a " Workers ' Paradise ", creating a system directed by, what Marx called, " Pure Communism ".

In Marx's scheme, feudalism was replaced by capitalism, which would eventually be superseded by communism.

Draper's most enduring legacy is likely to be his five-volume magnum opus Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution ( Monthly Review Press, 1977-1990 ), a seminal re-evaluation of the whole of Marx's political theory, based on an exhaustive survey of the writings of both Marx and Engels.

This insight forms the basis of Marx's theory of market value, prices of production and the tendency of the rate of profit of different enterprises to be levelled out by competition.

As it will now be seen, this general lack of any functional relationship from to — of which Ricardo had been particularly well aware — is at the heart of Marx's transformation problem.

Merton was able to illustrate this by referencing Karl Marx's prediction that as societies become more modern, the wealth will be concentrated amongst fewer people, and the majority of society would suffer from poverty and misery.

In accordance with Marx's idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat, Mao believed that the People's Democratic Dictatorship would be necessary until the Party withered away and left China in a socialist state of existence ( defined by Mao as the society of Great Unity — Datong 大同 ).

Formally, it may even be taken back to Marx's earliest statements about a class becoming conscious of itself and developing a class identity.

Karl Marx's famous Critique of the Gotha Program criticized what he saw as a Lassallean victory over the Eisenachers whom he favored ; interestingly, Bernstein later noted that it was Liebknecht, considered by many to be the strongest Marxist advocate within the Eisenacher faction, who proposed the inclusion of many of the ideas which so thoroughly irritated Marx.