This referential expansion led, for instance, to the formulation of the idea of social critique, such as arose after Karl Marx's theoretical work delineated in his Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy ( 1859 ), which was a critique of the then-current models of economic theory and thought of that time.

The work contains the most famous formulation of Marx's view of the role of the individual in history: " Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please ; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past.

; " Class in Marx's Conception of History, Ancient and Modern ", New Left Review, No. 146, ( 1984 ), pp. 94 – 111 ( good study of Marx's concept ).

* Bertell Ollman, Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society.

Cohen's Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence.

* Gerald Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence.

* William H. Shaw, Marx's Theory of History provides a short survey

It was in the city that he also came across newly translated Marxist literature, further committing him to the revolutionary socialist cause: these included Thomas Kirkup's A History of Socialism, Karl Kautsky's Karl Marx's Ökonomische Lehren and most importantly, Marx and Engels ' political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.

" Eliade sees the widespread myth of the Golden Age, " which, according to a number of traditions, lies at the beginning and the end of History ", as the " precedent " for Karl Marx's vision of a classless society.

For further information see the accounts in Teuffel's History of Roman Literature ( translated by Warr ), Martin Schanz's Geschichte der romischen Litteratur, and F. Marx's article s. v.

The philosopher Karl Kautsky ( 1854 – 1938 ) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique, and later published a full, three-volume edition as Theorien über den Mehrwert ( Theories of Surplus Value, 1905 – 1910 ); the first volume was published in English as A History of Economic Theories ( 1952 ).

* G. A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence.

Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence, Oxford and Princeton, 1978.

( 1978 ) Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence.

( 2000a ) Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence ( Expanded Edition ).

Marx's Critique of Political Economy played an important role in the German branch of the student revolt, which was centered in Berlin.

Karl Marx's doctoral thesis was on " The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.

Julius Marx's character from " Fun In Hi Skule " was an ethnic German, so Julius played him with a German accent.

After the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, public anti-German sentiment was widespread, and Marx's German character was booed, so he quickly dropped the accent and developed the fast-talking wise-guy character that became his trademark.

Marx's children, particularly his son Arthur, felt strongly that Fleming was pushing their weak father beyond his physical and mental limits.

She was interred in Highgate Cemetery ( East ), Highgate, London in the area reserved for religious dissenters or agnostics, next to George Henry Lewes ; Karl Marx's memorial is nearby.

One of the aims of Engels's polemic Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science ( written with Marx's approval ) was to ridicule the easy " world schematism " of philosophers, who invented the latest wisdom from behind their writing desks.

Benjamin suggested that, despite Marx's claims to scientific objectivity, historical materialism was actually quasi-religious.

In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then ; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of " class " as an objective entity was fallacious.

Her brother, Marx's uncle Benjamin Philips ( 1830-1900 ), was a wealthy banker and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London.

In 1971 Marx's one act play Oulanem was made available in English by author Robert Payne.

Marx's view of capitalism was two-sided.

The reasons for Marx's widespread influence revolve around his ethical message: with its " morally empowering language of critique " against the dominant capitalist society, no other body of work was so relevant to modern times and simultaneously so outspoken about the need for change.

Polish historian Andrzej Walicki noted that Marx's and Engels's theory was the " theory of freedom ", but a theory that, at the height of its influence, was used to legitimise the totalitarian socialist state of the Soviet Union.

Bakunin's viewpoint on the illegitimacy of the state as an institution and the role of electoral politics was starkly counterposed to Marx's views in the First International.

He was aided by the German priest Ludwig Kaas, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically active in the Catholic Centre Party, a party he led following Wilhelm Marx's resignation in October 1928.

Central to Marx's theories was the oppressive economic situation in which he dwelt.

" Marx's view of capitalism saw rich capitalists getting richer and their workers getting poorer ( the gap, the exploitation, was the " surplus value ").

He noted that contrary to Marx's theories, stratification was based on more than simply ownership of capital.

The term appears in Marx's article in the New-York Daily Tribune article " The Emancipation Question ," January 17 and 22, 1859, although there the term is used to describe humans who act like a capital to the producers, rather than in the modern sense of " knowledge capital " endowed to or acquired by humans.

Similar to Lenin's use of it, left communists, coming from the Communist International themselves started in fact with a theory of decadence in the first place, yet the communist left sees the theory of decadence at the heart of Marx's method as well, expressed in famous works such as The Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse, Das Kapital but most significantly in Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.

The Preface and some of the alterations and additions are in Marx's hand ; the bulk of the manuscript, however, is in Engels ' hand, except for Chapter V of Volume II and some passages of Chapter III of Volume I which are in Joseph Weydemeyer's hand.

In collaboration with Engels he also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of historical materialism, The German Ideology ; the work, like many others, would not see publication in Marx's lifetime, being published only in 1932.

The other important contribution to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which led Marx to conceive of the historical dialectic in terms of class conflict and to see the modern working class as the most progressive force for revolution.

Marx's theories on the subject of political economy are contained in his book, Das Kapital.

Barton Biggs, chief investment strategist of Morgan Stanley, described Wanniski's book about supply-side economics, The Way the World Works, as the " most important " economic book published since Marx's writings.

In this book Kita explicitly promotes the platonic state authoritarianism emphasizing the close relationship between Confucianism and the " from above " concept of the national socialism stating that Mencius is the Plato of the East and that Plato's concept in organizing a society is far preferable than that of Marx's.

In preparation for the convention, Hyndman circulated among the delegates his book England for All, which paraphrased Marx's Capital without crediting the original author.

In the book For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign ( 1972 ), Baudrillard developed the semiotic theory of " the Sign " ( sign value ) as a development of Marx's theory of commodity fetishism and of the exchange-value vs. use-value dichotomy of capitalism.

He is best known for his 1955 book The Opium of the Intellectuals, the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people -- in contrast, Aron argued that in post-war France Marxism was the opium of intellectuals.

Further, London assumed that the Socialist Party would become a mass party in the United States, strong enough to have a realistic chance of winning national elections and gaining power – while remaining a revolutionary party fully committed to the dismantling of capitalism, the whole book is based on Marx's view that capitalism was inherently unsustainable.

Marx's book: The Martians.

The book collects essays developed by Louis Althusser and his students in a seminar on Karl Marx's Das Kapital which took place earlier in 1965. the only English-language edition, a partial translation by Ben Brewster, includes only the contributions of Althusser and Étienne Balibar, while the original French edition includes several additional essays by other students in the seminar, including Roger Establet, Jacques Rancière, and Pierre Macherey.

The book seeks to clarify differences between Marx's and Hegel's dialectics, and to more thoroughly demarcate the " break " which Althusser saw between Marx's later writings ( Marxism proper ) and his early, Hegelian work.

Their book Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy proposes dissolving ( their words ) the transformation problem in Marx's political economy by re-conceptualising the relevant quantities as random variables.

In Dialectical Economics: An Introduction to Marxist Political Economy, a book published in 1975 by D. C. Heath and Company under the pen name Lyn Marcus, LaRouche tried to show that numerous Marxists – ranging from the Monthly Review group to Ernest Mandel, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro and the " Soviet economists " – had failed to correctly understand and interpret Marx's writing.

Thus, in a review of Capital, Marx's life work, which Engels wrote for the Rheinische Zeitung, he emphasised its importance for the German Social-Democrats, describing " the present book as their theoretical bible, as the armoury from which they will take their most telling arguments.

In addition, Gilbert spent his spare-time studying Marx's Das Kapital book and writing New Left theoretical papers on imperialism and U. S. domestic consumption, consumerism and " the new working-class.

It is first explicitly used in Marx's published book The Poverty of Philosophy, although the concept is already defined in The German Ideology.

This book is the source of one of Marx's most quoted statements, that history repeats itself, " the first as tragedy, then as farce ", referring respectively to Napoleon I and to his nephew Louis Napoleon ( Napoleon III ):

Marx's sentiment echoed an observation made by Friedrich Engels at exactly the same time Marx began work on this book.

" Walter Kaufman changed the quote to reflect the Kierkegaardian difference in his book, From Shakespeare to Existentialism ( 1959 ), His relation to philosophy is best expressed by changing one small word in Marx's famous dictum: " The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways: the point, however, is to change "- not " it ," as Marx said, but ourselves.

In 1884, Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in the translation of first volume of Karl Marx's book Das Kapital.

In 2002, Desai's book Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism stated that globalization would tend toward the revival of socialism.