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Marx's and value
Labor, not labor power, is the key factor of production for Marx and the basis for Marx's labor theory of value.
In addition to specific predictions, certain of Marx's theories, such as his labour theory of value, have also been criticised.
Commentary on Marx's form and content of value ( accessible read )
" Marx's view of capitalism saw rich capitalists getting richer and their workers getting poorer ( the gap, the exploitation, was the " surplus value ").
In contrast both, Marx's Labour Theory of Value and the ' Emergy ' concept are conceived as donor-type value.
Marx's analysis of the commodity is intended to help solve the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods, using the labor theory of value.
" The production of surplus value ," from Karl Marx's ' Capital ' in Lithographs, by Hugo Gellert, 1934
According to Marx's theory of exploitation, living labour at an adequate level of productivity is able to create and conserve more value than it costs the employer to buy ; which is exactly the economic reason why the employer buys it, i. e. to preserve and augment the value of the capital at his command.
According to Marx's labor theory of value, human labor is the only source of net new economic value, but is also indispensable for the conservation and transfer of economic value ( maintenance and redistribution of capital assets ).
This insight forms the basis of Marx's theory of market value, prices of production and the tendency of the rate of profit of different enterprises to be levelled out by competition.
In neo-Marxist thought, Paul A. Baran for example substitutes the concept of " economic surplus " for Marx's surplus value.
In 20th-century discussions of Karl Marx's economics the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule to transform the " values " of commodities ( based on socially necessary labour content according to his labour theory of value ) into the " competitive prices " of the marketplace.
Due to the influence of Marx's particular definition of value on the transformation problem, he is quoted at length where he argues as follows:
This necessarily uniform ratio is called by Marx the rate of surplus value, and it allows to re-write Marx's value equations as:
The first is a concise critique of the apparent contradictions in Marx's Das Kapital which Jorn uses to prepare the ground for a discussion of how the work of " the creative elite " can have " value " in any future society aligned on communist principles.
In Marx's critique of political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price.

Marx's and theory
And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.
Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands of Marxist thinkers.
* Marx's theory of history
Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuse's views as essentially anti-Marxist, in that they ignored Marx's critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a " New World of Happiness ".
Significantly, Karl Marx's theory of alienation argues among other things that capitalism disrupts the rooted nature of traditional relationships between workers and their work.
Marxism can be regarded as a needs-based theory on some readings of Marx's slogan " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need ".
This work contains Marx's criticism of materialism ( for being contemplative ), idealism ( for reducing practice to theory ) and overall, criticising philosophy for putting abstract reality above the physical world.
Polish historian Andrzej Walicki noted that Marx's and Engels's theory was the " theory of freedom ", but a theory that, at the height of its influence, was used to legitimise the totalitarian socialist state of the Soviet Union.
Outside and against this process of turning of Marxism into an ideology of domination, however, were various revolutionary tendencies which still drew on Marx's work to inform their struggles and which rejected both social-democratic and Marxist-Leninist versions of his theory.
This theory is often viewed as a reversal of Marx's thesis that the economic " base " of society determines all other aspects of it.
Although Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history.
His political theory is based upon an ethics of perfectionism ( as is Marx's, on some readings ).
* Marx's theory of alienation, the separation of things that naturally belong together, or antagonism between things that are properly in harmony
The situationists were inspired by his theories on Reification ( Marxism ) | reification and Marx's theory of alienation | alienation.
In its ' essence, Marx's theory stated that economic and political systems went through an inevitable evolution in form, by which the current capitalist system would be replaced by a Socialist state before achieving international cooperation and peace in a " Workers ' Paradise ", creating a system directed by, what Marx called, " Pure Communism ".
* Marx's theory of alienation
Similar to Lenin's use of it, left communists, coming from the Communist International themselves started in fact with a theory of decadence in the first place, yet the communist left sees the theory of decadence at the heart of Marx's method as well, expressed in famous works such as The Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse, Das Kapital but most significantly in Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.

Marx's and was
Marx's Critique of Political Economy played an important role in the German branch of the student revolt, which was centered in Berlin.
Karl Marx's doctoral thesis was on " The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.
Julius Marx's character from " Fun In Hi Skule " was an ethnic German, so Julius played him with a German accent.
After the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, public anti-German sentiment was widespread, and Marx's German character was booed, so he quickly dropped the accent and developed the fast-talking wise-guy character that became his trademark.
Marx's children, particularly his son Arthur, felt strongly that Fleming was pushing their weak father beyond his physical and mental limits.
She was interred in Highgate Cemetery ( East ), Highgate, London in the area reserved for religious dissenters or agnostics, next to George Henry Lewes ; Karl Marx's memorial is nearby.
Marx's clearest formulation of his " Materialist Conception of History " was in the 1859 Preface to his book " A contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ," whose relevant passage is reproduced here:
One of the aims of Engels's polemic Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science ( written with Marx's approval ) was to ridicule the easy " world schematism " of philosophers, who invented the latest wisdom from behind their writing desks.
Benjamin suggested that, despite Marx's claims to scientific objectivity, historical materialism was actually quasi-religious.
In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then ; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of " class " as an objective entity was fallacious.
Her brother, Marx's uncle Benjamin Philips ( 1830-1900 ), was a wealthy banker and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London.
In 1971 Marx's one act play Oulanem was made available in English by author Robert Payne.
Marx's view of capitalism was two-sided.
The reasons for Marx's widespread influence revolve around his ethical message: with its " morally empowering language of critique " against the dominant capitalist society, no other body of work was so relevant to modern times and simultaneously so outspoken about the need for change.
Bakunin's viewpoint on the illegitimacy of the state as an institution and the role of electoral politics was starkly counterposed to Marx's views in the First International.
It was in the city that he also came across newly translated Marxist literature, further committing him to the revolutionary socialist cause: these included Thomas Kirkup's A History of Socialism, Karl Kautsky's Karl Marx's Ökonomische Lehren and most importantly, Marx and Engels ' political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.
He was aided by the German priest Ludwig Kaas, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically active in the Catholic Centre Party, a party he led following Wilhelm Marx's resignation in October 1928.
Central to Marx's theories was the oppressive economic situation in which he dwelt.
He noted that contrary to Marx's theories, stratification was based on more than simply ownership of capital.

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