Because of the strength of the Communist Party of China and the importance of the Marxist interpretation of history in legitimizing its rule, it was for many years difficult for historians within the PRC to actively argue in favor of non-Marxist and anti-Marxist interpretations of history.

* George Novack, Understanding History: Marxist Essays ( Trotskyist interpretations of problems of history )

Developed by, and named for, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870 – 1924 ), Leninism comprises political and socialist economic theories, developed from Marxism, and Lenin ’ s interpretations of Marxist theory, for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) of the early 20th century.

Then a Marxist, George's stance was dominated by a socio-economic rationale, but without the structuralist interpretations found in the works of some the French sociologists of the time.

There are endless interpretations of the " philosophy of Marx ", from the interior of the Marxist movement as well as in its exterior.

This opposition between various subjective interpretations given by philosophers, which may be, in a sense, compared with Weltanschauung designed to legitimize the current state of affairs, and effective transformation of the world through praxis, which combines theory and practice in a materialist way, is what distinguish " Marxist philosophers " with the rest of philosophers.

Marxists regard proletarian internationalism as the antonym of bourgeois nationalism but the term has been subjected to different interpretations by various currents of Marxist thought.

Thus, play directors would emphasize Marxist, feminist, or, perhaps most popularly, Freudian psychoanalytical interpretations of the plays, even as they retained letter-perfect scripts.

Besides his studies in working-class in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Mason was noted for his break with previous Marxist interpretations of fascism that saw fascist regimes as the servant of capitalist interests.

The Communists, however, screened out what facts and interpretations were to be taught ; history as well as other sciences had to follow Marxist views approved by ideological censorship.

The Three Faces of Fascism has been much praised as a seminal contribution to the creation of a theory of generic fascism based on a history of ideas, as opposed to the previous class-based analyses ( especially the " Rage of the Lower Middle Class " thesis ) that had characterized both Marxist and liberal interpretations of fascism.

Kedourie was critical of Marxist interpretations of history and of nationalism, which he described as ' anti-individualist, despotic, racist, and violent '.

Another relatively early use of the term in a German-language work was in a book by Fritz Sternberg, a Jewish Marxist political economist who was a refugee from the Third Reich.

Georgi Plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism, later introduced the term dialectical materialism to Marxist literature.

Note that Reynolds does not object to the Marxist use of the term feudalism.

* Ideological State Apparatus, a term used by Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser for how society reshapes the individual in its own image

* Mode of production, a Marxist term for way of producing goods

In China, the claim that Mao had " adapted Marxism – Leninism to Chinese conditions " evolved into the idea that he had updated it in a fundamental way applying to the world as a whole ; consequently, the term " Marxism – Leninism – Mao Zedong Thought " ( commonly known as Maoism ) was increasingly used to describe the official Chinese state ideology as well as the ideological basis of parties around the world who sympathized with the Communist Party of China ( such as the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist – Leninist / Mao Zedong Thought, founded by Jose Maria Sison in 1968 ).

The latter is analogous to the Marxist term " lumpenproletariat ".

Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories.

Even in their own time, with limited translations of their dense theoretical texts, combined with their very successful self-mythologisation, the term " situationist " was often used to refer to any rebel or outsider, rather than to a body of surrealist-inspired Marxist critical theory.

Besides describing the social class who own the means of production, the Marxist usage of the term " bourgeois " also describes the consumerist style of life derived from the ownership of capital and real property.

The use of the term " dictatorship " does not refer to the Classical Roman concept of the dictatura ( the governance of a state by a small group with no democratic process ), but instead to the Marxist concept of dictatorship ( that an entire societal class holds political and economic control, within a democratic system ).

In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians introduced the use of the term " English Revolution " to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period ( 1640 – 1660 ), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649.

The arguments of all three theorists relied on an implicit definition of kitsch as a type of false consciousness, a Marxist term meaning a mindset present within the structures of capitalism that is misguided as to its own desires and wants.

The term is derived from Marxist economic theory, where it refers to the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of wealth under capitalism.

Three years later, in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter introduced the term " creative destruction ", which he explicitly derived from Marxist thought ( analysed extensively in Part I of the book ) and used it to describe the disruptive process of transformation that accompanies such innovation:

" Villari went on to accuse Trevor-Roper of downgrading the importance of what Villari called the English Revolution ( the usual Marxist term for the English Civil War ), and insisted that the " general crisis " was part of an idealistic Europe-wide revolutionary movement.

The French term bourgeois ' origins are that of ' middle class ' however Marxist usage implies bankers or merchants.

According to the Marxist economist Ernest Mandel, who popularised the term with his 1972 PhD dissertation, late-stage capitalism will be dominated by the machinations – or perhaps better, fluidities – of financial capital ; and also by the increasing commodification and industrialisation of ever more inclusive sectors of human life.

Although the concept of neo-colonialism was originally developed within a Marxist theoretical framework and is generally employed by the political left, the term " neo-colonialism " is also used within other theoretical frameworks.

However the Marxist notion of base is broader than the non-Marxist use of the term infrastructure, and some soft infrastructure, such as laws, governance, regulations and standards, would be considered by Marxists to be part of the superstructure, not the base.

The term Europocentrism appears in the 1970s, through the Marxist writings of Samir Amin as part of a global, core-periphery or dependency model of capitalist development.

Current states are either in the capitalist or socialist phase of historymaking the term " socialist state " preferable to many communists and Marxist theorists.

The name comes from juche, the Korean translation for the philosophical and Marxist term “ subject ”, also meaning “ main body ” or “ mainstream ”, and is sometimes translated in North Korean sources as “ independent stand ” or “ spirit of self-reliance ”.

* Marxist revisionism, a pejorative term used by some Marxists to describe ideas based on a revision of fundamental Marxist premises

There has been a gradual relaxation of Marxist interpretation after the death of Mao in 1976, which was accelerated after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 and Revolutions of 1989, which have damaged Marxism's ideological legitimacy in the eyes of Chinese people.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

As the preface to the 2nd edition ( 1976 ) notes, the first edition ( 1955 ) appears to have received relatively little attention from the literary establishment because of its then-unfashionable Marxist viewpoint.

Other historians, influenced by Marxist thinking, have emphasized the importance of the peasants and the urban workers in presenting the Revolution as a gigantic class struggle.

Many later Marxist theorists ( e. g. Eric Wolfe ) have generalized this characterization to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with Imperial Chinese and pre-Columbian Incan societies as ' tributary.

Some like the British Marxist historian Timothy Mason have argued that the Second World War was a direct effect of the German economic system, which made expansionism necessary for domestic prosperity, indeed, survival ; and which made Jingoism necessary for the quelling of class conflicts.

In recent decades there have been four main schools of historiography regarding India: Cambridge, Nationalist, Marxist, and subaltern.

While many Marxist concepts are still of importance for modern social science, some specific predictions Marx made have been shown to be unlikely.

While Marxist thought may be used to empower marginalised and dispossessed people, it has also been used to prop up governments who have utilised violence to remove those seen as impeding the revolution.

Nonetheless, libertarian Marxist tendencies such as autonomist Marxism and council communism have historically been intertwined with the anarchist movement.

Anarchist movements have come into conflict with both capitalist and Marxist forces, sometimes at the same time, as in the Spanish Civil War, though as in that war Marxists themselves are often divided in support or opposition to anarchism.

The Autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics.

He rejected the theory of class struggle and the Marxist concern with labor, instead claiming, according to Leszek Kołakowski, that since " all questions of material existence have been solved, moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant.

In December 2009, a 96-page report titled Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora, compiled by the Advocates for Human Rights, documented human rights violations against the Oromo in Ethiopia under three successive regimes: the Abyssinian Empire under Haile Selassie, the Marxist Derg and the current Ethiopian government of the Ethiopian People ’ s Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ), dominated by members of the Tigray People ’ s Liberation Front ( TPLF ) and which was accused to have arrested approximately 20, 000 suspected OLF members, to have driven most OLF leadership into exile, and to have effectively neutralized the OLF as a political force in Ethiopia.

To the extent that it makes sense, there is no single " Marxist theory of state ", but rather many different " Marxist " theories that have been developed by adherents of Marxism.

Marxist Friedrich Engels wrote: " I have learned more Balzac than from all the professional historians, economists and statisticians put together.

Some Communist states claimed to have abolished capitalism, although some Marxist theorists describe them as state capitalist, rather than anti-capitalist.

Mao and many members of the Chinese Communist Party were opposed to these changes, believing that it would have negative repercussions for the worldwide Marxist movement, among whom Stalin was still viewed as a hero.

Revolutionary Organization 17 November ( Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη, Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri ), ( also known as 17N or N17 ) was a Marxist urban guerrilla organization ( characterized as a terrorist group by the Greek state and the United States and the United Kingdom ) formed in 1975 and believed to have been disbanded in 2002 after the arrest and trial of a number of its members.

Under Marxist influence, Erich Köhler, Marc Bloch, and Georges Duby have suggested that the " essential hegemony " in the castle of the lord's wife during his absence was a driving force.

This suggests Marx would not have seen Marxist Leninist regimes as bureaucratic distortions as western socialists do.