In Materialism and Empiriocriticism ( 1908 ), Lenin explained dialectical materialism as three axes: ( i ) the materialist inversion of Hegelian dialectics, ( ii ) the historicity of ethical principles ordered to class struggle, and ( iii ) the convergence of " laws of evolution " in physics ( Helmholtz ), biology ( Darwin ), and in political economy ( Marx ).

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology.

Eliminativism about a class of entities is the view that that class of entities does not exist .< ref name =" Ramsey "> Ramsey, William, " Eliminative Materialism ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed.

* Marxist Theory-Marxism is a theory based on Dialectical Materialism, which aims at explaining class struggle and the basis of social relations through economics.

Because Adler wanted to operate within the framework of the rising Social Democratic movement, he was highly circumspect in his subsequent references to Stirner, and, while continuing to accord him great significance as Marx ’ s “ psychological counterpart ”, initially adopted most aspects of the doctrine of Historical Materialism: the essence of history is class struggle, and its realization entails a union of theory with revolutionary practice.

Materialism is a realist philosophy of science, which holds that the world is material ; that all phenomena in the universe consist of " matter in motion ," wherein all things are interdependent and interconnected and develop according to natural law ; that the world exists outside us and independently of our perception of it ; that thought is a reflection of the material world in the brain, and that the world is in principle knowable.

Materialism holds that the only thing that exists is matter, that all things are composed of material, and all phenomena ( including consciousness ) are the result of material interactions.

Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level.

Realism and Materialism are wrong when they assert that the object causes the subject.

Giddens replied that a structural principle is not equivalent with rules, and pointed to his definition from A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: " Structural principles are principles of organisation implicated in those practices most " deeply " ( in time ) and " pervasively " ( in space ) sedimented in society ", and described structuration as a " mode of institutional articulation " with emphasis on the relationship between time and space and a host of institutional orderings including, but not limited to, rules.

However, the Madhyamaka also rejects the tenets of Idealism, Materialism or Nihilism ; instead, the ideas of truth or existence, along with any assertions that depend upon them are limited to their function within the contexts and conventions that assert them, possibly somewhat akin to Relativism or Pragmatism.

Materialism, if held to be distinct from physicalism, is compatible with panpsychism insofar as mental properties are attributed to physical matter, which is the only basic substance.

After the Mother's death, all of Satprem's correspondence from 1962 to 1973 with the Mother was confiscated, and he fled with the tapes of the Agenda to Auroville, where, at the age of fifty, he edited the 13 volumes of the Agenda, while at the same time wrote the trilogy Mère ( Mother )-Le Matérialisme Divin ( The Divine Materialism ), L ' Espèce Nouvelle ( The New Species ), La Mutation de la Mort ( The Mutation of Death )-both a biography of the Mother and his own analyses and commentary on the Agenda material.

In Trungpa's presentation, spiritual materialism can fall into three categories — what he calls the three " Lords of Materialism " ( Tibetan: lalo literally " barbarian ") — in which a form of materialism is mistaken to bring long term happiness but instead only brings short term entertainment, followed by longer term suffering:

Scientific ' Materialism ' is often synonymous with, and has so far been described, as being a reductive materialism.

Some Marxists, together with others on the left, view nationalism, racism ( including anti-Semitism ), and religion, as divide and conquer strategies used by the ruling classes to prevent the working class from uniting against them.

The relation between racism and ethnic nationalism reached its height in the 20th century fascism and Nazism.

The term was popularized in the United States in 1944 by the American historian Richard Hofstadter who used it in the ideological war effort against fascism to denote a reactionary creed which promoted competitive strife, racism and nationalism.

According to The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages: ( i ) the reactionary right, which sought a return to aristocracy and established religion ; ( ii ) the moderate right, who sought limited government and distrusted intellectuals ; ( iii ) the radical right, who favored a romantic and aggressive nationalism ; ( iv ) the extreme right, who proposed anti-immigration policies and implicit racism ; and ( v ) the neo-liberal right, who sought to combine a belief in a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional Right-wing beliefs in patriotism, élitism, and law and order.

The ' extreme right ' has four traits according to Roger Eatwell: " 1 ) anti-democracy ; 2 ) nationalism ; 3 ) racism ; 4 ) the strong state ".

Tribalisms ( for example, ethnocentrism and nationalism ) and prejudices ( racism, sexism, religious extremism ) are opposed at times reflexively despite the potentially high cost of diverse societies in terms of trust and solidarity.

He admits that while most bands or individuals have not gone that far, there is an undercurrent of racism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism that continues to permeate parts of the black metal scene.

He argued that Afrocentrism's prime goal was to encourage black nationalism and ethnic pride in order to effectively combat the destructive consequences of cultural and universal racism.

If all beings, not just human, are included as having interests that must be considered, then the principle of equal consideration of interests opposes not only racism and sexism, but also speciesism and some forms of nationalism.

However, the band's stated motivations are anti-racist, trying to change the attitude of racism and nationalism perceived as prevalent in parts of Scandinavia.

It has also elements of nationalism and racism.

Mosse sees nationalism, which often includes racism, as the chief menace of modern times.

It was also a period that saw increasing nationalism, and with it racism, across central and western Europe.

As the archaeologist Bruce Trigger noted, culture-historical archaeology " was a response to growing awareness of geographical variability in the archaeological record at a time when cultural evolutionism was being challenged … These developments were accompanied by growing nationalism and racism, which made ethnicity appear to be the most important factor shaping human history.

The French philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff argues that antisemitism based on racism and nationalism has been replaced by a new form based on anti-racism and anti-nationalism.

Following his conversion to Islam, Myatt dissociated himself from nationalism and racialism, and both as a Muslim and subsequently openly stated that racism is wrong.

But rather a part of a larger fight against racism, nationalism, sexism, homophobia, religious intolerance etc.

Yellow socialists and yellow unionists were criticized by Marxists for their nationalism and perceived occasional engagement in chauvinism such as opposition to immigration ( for flooding the labour market and reducing wages or denying jobs to native-born citizens ), and sometimes even racism including anti-Semitism.

Institutionalized elitism, ethnocentrism, classism, racism, sexism, adultism, nationalism, heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung.

This polemical essay argued that French and German intellectuals in the 19th and 20th century had often lost the ability to reason dispassionately about political and military matters, instead becoming apologists for crass nationalism, warmongering and racism.

Football hooliganism in Croatia is sometimes connected with racism and nationalism, although the racist remarks, if any appear, are pointed solely to opposing club's players, never to own squad.

In society more generally, the party claims that the best way to consistently and tangibly prove its anti-racist nature, given that it does not support ethnic nationalism, is to fight racism physically, through direct action.

Opponents of this perspective within the Anarchist People of Color camp insist that opposing authority yet placing the needs of people of color above others represents racism, and that black nationalism would mean using force to exclude people based on the color of their skin and is utterly incompatible with anarchism.

The lack of empirical data in al-Arsuzi's work made it look parochial at times, while at other times his conclusions bordered on machoistic nationalism, which in turn could be interpreted as racism.

Another great danger is that the emerging middle class will feel itself increasingly alienated from the political leaders who still justify their dominance by reference to the struggle for independence or the early phase of nationalism.

Seeking to promote Chinese nationalism, Chiang's government actively ignored and suppressed local cultural expression, even forbidding the use of local languages in mass media broadcasts or during class sessions.

The tendency of communism was far more greater and deeper in East Pakistan than the West, and had massive support in poor, working class, and peasant circles on the issues of Bengali nationalism and Bengali Language Movement.

The internationalist philosophies of Bolshevism and of Marxism are based upon class struggle transcending nationalism, ethnocentrism, and religion, which are intellectual obstacles to class consciousness, because the bourgeois ruling classes manipulated said cultural status quo to politically divide the proletarian working classes.

Thus, Romania was created as a personal union, albeit a Romania that did not include Transylvania, where the upper class and the aristocracy remained mainly Hungarian, although Romanian nationalism inevitably ran up against Hungarian nationalism at the end of the 19th century.

Nationalist sentiments emerged inside the traditional empires including: Pan-Slavism in Russia ; Ottomanism, Kemalist Ideology and Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire ; State Shintoism and Japanese identity in Japan ; and Han identity in juxtaposition to the Manchurian ruling class in China.

The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Defeats by foreign powers and the presence of spheres of influence inflamed a sense of nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders.

While the Zollverein brought economic progress and helped to keep the bourgeoisie at bay for a while, it increased the ranks of the middle class swiftly-the very social base for the nationalism and liberalism that the Prussian state sought to stem.

In Marxist terminology, reactionary is a pejorative adjective denoting people whose ideas might appear to be socialist, but, in essence, contain elements of feudalism, capitalism, nationalism, fascism or other characteristics of the ruling class.

Wallinger's early work is noted for its social commentary, often focusing on class ( social ), royalty and nationalism.

Born into a class that identified closely with British rule, her conversion to cultural nationalism, as evidenced by her writings, was emblematic of many of the political struggles to occur in Ireland during her lifetime.

We reject all forms of nationalism, as this only serves to redefine divisions in the international working class.

McKay became involved with a group of black radicals who were unhappy both with Marcus Garvey's nationalism and the middle class reformist NAACP.

Seeking to find some principle to replace the threatening Marxist doctrine of class struggle, Rerum Novarum urged social solidarity between the upper and lower classes, and endorsed nationalism as a way of preserving traditional morality, customs, and folkways.

Three examples, William argues, show how the UAW use of working class nationalism functioned as a counter subversive tradition within American liberalism: the UAW campaign at the Ford plant in Dearborn, Michigan, in the late 1930s, the 1942 conflict in Detroit over the black occupancy of the Sojourner Truth housing project, and the responses of the UAW under the conservative leadership of Reuther to the demands of black workers for representation in UAW leadership between the mid-1940s and the 1960s.

Attitudes among the Presbyterian middle class, however, tended to change in the second half of the 19th century as the Gaelic Revival became associated with Irish nationalism.

" In other words, he believed that the old class of politicians had ruined Spain, that they sought only their own interests rather than patriotism and nationalism.

A vigorous English-speaking middle class was now the dominant cultural force ; a number of its members were influenced by political or cultural nationalism, and some took an interest in the literature of the Irish language.

Marx and Engels rejected nationalism as a whole, believing " the working class have no country ".

The IBRP define this as those who stand for working class independence from capital ; who have no truck with nationalism in any form ; who saw nothing socialist in Stalinism and the former USSR at the same time as recognising that October 1917 was the starting point for what could have become a wider world revolution.