In many of his writings, Mayr rejected reductionism in evolutionary biology, arguing that evolutionary pressures act on the whole organism, not on single genes, and that genes can have different effects depending on the other genes present.

Ernst Mayr, one of the foremost thinkers on evolution, completely rejected sympatry outright, ushering in a climate of hostility towards the theory.

Mayr was an unconventional atheist, stating he was an atheist towards " the idea of a personal God " because " there is nothing that supports "

Mayr insisted throughout his career that the gene as the target of selection cannot and should not be considered a valid idea in modern evolutionary thought.

Both Mayr and Darlington interpret Blyth's view of natural selection as maintaining the type:

As a traditionally trained biologist with little mathematical experience, Mayr was often highly critical of early mathematical approaches to evolution such as those of J. B. S.

As a result, apart from Dobzhansky, Bernhard Rensch and Ernst Mayr, very few neo-Darwinian writers used the term, preferring instead to talk of evolution as changes in allele frequencies without mention of the level of the changes ( above species level or below ).

As Ernst W. Mayr observes, " transspecific evolution is nothing but an extrapolation and magnification of the events that take place within populations and species ... it is misleading to make a distinction between the causes of micro-and macroevolution ”.

This theory was popularized by Ernst Mayr in his 1954 paper " Change of genetic environment and evolution ," and his classic volume Animal Species and Evolution ( 1963 ).

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on key facts and the inferences drawn from them, which biologist Ernst Mayr summarised as follows:

The evolution of these wing characteristics has provided the hummingbird with ideal wings for hovering ( Mayr 2002 ).

* 1954-Arthur Cain refers to the " circular overlaps " of Mayr ( 1942 ) as ring species in Animal species and evolution '

In 1965 Ernst Mayr cited Pittendrigh and criticized the last few words cited above for not making a “ clear distinction between the two teleologies of Aristotle ”; evolution involves Aristotle's material causes and formal causes rather than efficient causes.

This clarification was part of the great reconciliation, by Ernst Mayr, among others, in the 1940s, between Darwinian evolution by natural selection and the genetic model of inheritance.

Harvard biologist Ernst Mayr has sharply criticized Horowitz for wasting the resources of the university and the efforts of graduate students on such an endeavour.

One controversial study concluded that Confuciusornis may be more closely related to Microraptor and other dromaeosaurids than to Archaeopteryx, but this study was criticized on methodological grounds ( Mayr et al., 2005 ).

Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson, Wilhelm Johannsen, Richard Goldschmidt and T. H.

Those who did were generally working within the continental European traditions ( as Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Bernhard Rensch, Richard Goldschmidt, and Otto Schindewolf were ) and those who didn't were generally working within the Anglo-American tradition ( such as John Maynard Smith and Richard Dawkins ).

The opera's Austrian premiere was given by the Vienna State Opera on the following 8 April under the baton of Schuch with Marie Gutheil-Schoder as Octavian, and Richard Mayr as Baron Ochs.

Basic's list of authors includes Christopher Andrew, Anthony Appiah, Isaac Asimov, Robert Axelrod, Susan R. Barry, Daniel Bell, John Bradshaw, Allan Brandt, Richard Brookhiser, Zbigniew Brzezinski, William F. Buckley, Stephen Carter, Iris Chang, George Chauncey, Stephanie Coontz, Dinesh D ’ Souza, Devra Davis, Richard Dawkins, Hernando de Soto, Jared Diamond, Michael Eric Dyson, Thomas B. Edsall, Richard Evans, Graham Farmelo, Niall Ferguson, Richard Feynman, Richard Florida, Robin Lane Fox, Sigmund Freud, Howard Gardner, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Clifford Geertz, George Gilder, Barry Glassner, Robert Harms, Judith L. Herman, Christopher Hitchens, Douglas Hofstadter, Samuel P. Huntington, Jacqueline Jones, June Jordan, Leszek Kołakowski, Lawrence Krauss, Irving Kristol, George Lakoff, Edward Larson, Christopher Lasch, Mary Lefkowitz, Lawrence Lessig, Claude Levi-Strauss, Bernard Lewis, Robert Jay Lifton, Jeff Madrick, Nelson Mandela, Benoit Mandelbrot, Ernst Mayr, Walter A. McDougall, John McWhorter, Dana Milbank, Alice Miller, Walter Mosley, Charles Murray, Richard John Neuhaus, Donald Norman, Robert Nozick, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., James T. Patterson, Orlando Patterson, Jean Piaget, Steven Pinker, Karl Popper, Samantha Power, Diane Ravitch, Eugene Rogan, Juliet Schor, Brent Scowcroft, Anne-Marie Slaughter, Lee Smolin, Timothy Snyder, Thomas Sowell, Ian Stewart, Cass Sunstein, Beverly Daniel Tatum, Lester Thurow, Sherry Turkle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Michael Walzer, Elizabeth Warren, George Weigel, Steven Weinberg, Cornel West, Frank Wilczek, A. N.

The State Department tacitly rejected the neutral Laos idea after the Geneva conference of 1954, and last year Washington backed the rightist coup that ousted neutral Premier Souvanna Phouma.

Lincoln rejected the idea, saying, " I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right.

Among well known ( generally non-kabbalist or anti-kabbalist ) Rabbis who rejected the idea of reincarnation are Saadia Gaon, David Kimhi, Hasdai Crescas, Yedayah Bedershi ( early 14th century ), Joseph Albo, Abraham ibn Daud, the Rosh and Leon de Modena.

They rejected the Marxist idea that history should be used as a tool to foment and foster revolutions.

He rejected the idea of " music of the spheres " as ridiculous: movement of astronomical bodies, he supposed, is incapable of generating sound.

This idea was already rejected as untenable by John Calvin ( 1509 – 1564 ), and by the time of Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted.

H P Wilmott has noted that deep battle contains two critical differences – it advocated the idea of total war, not limited operations and it also rejected the idea of the decisive battle in favour of several large scale and simultaneous offensives.

Richard Overy also rejected the idea that Hitler and the Nazi regime ever intended a blitzkrieg war.

The studio rejected the idea as they wanted a sequel, not a prequel, though Schumacher was able to include very brief events in Batman's past.

The idea that history itself is controlled by large long-standing conspiracies is rejected by historian Bruce Cumings:

He also rejected the idea of hiring an inker or letterer, comparing it to a golfer hiring a man to make his putts.

Wyman also prototyped such a map for the Washington Metro, though ultimately the idea was rejected.

Lyell rejected Lamarck's idea of organic evolution, proposing instead " Centres of Creation " to explain diversity and territory of species.

He rejected the very idea that every explanation of the meaning of a term needed itself to be explained: " As though an explanation hung in the air unless supported by another one ", claiming instead that explanation of a term is only needed when we need to avoid misunderstanding.

When asked during a 2007 phone-in interview on XETRA-FM if he ever had any notions of performing in an Oingo Boingo reunion, Elfman immediately rejected the idea and stated that in the last few years with the band he had begun to develop significant and irreversible hearing damage as a result of his continuous exposure to the high noise levels involved in performing in a rock band.

The military campaigns undertaken during Domitian's reign were generally defensive in nature, as the Emperor rejected the idea of expansionist warfare.

Galvani's scientific colleagues generally accepted his views, but Alessandro Volta rejected the idea of an " animal electric fluid ," replying that the frog's legs responded to differences in metal temper, composition, and bulk.

From his first composition to his last, he rejected the idea of musical development, in the strict definition of this term: the intertwining of different themes in a development section of a sonata form.

This National Socialism was a form of state socialism that rejected the " idea of boundless freedom " and promoted an economy that would serve the whole of Germany under the leadership of the state.

Years of teaching by Roman trained priests and bishops in Germany had led to an educated generation which rejected the idea of divine right of kings.

They argued that existing neural models had failed to produce intelligent behaviour because they were too small, and that in order to create " artificial brains " it was necessary to manually assemble tens of thousands of evolved neural modules together, with the billion neuron " CAM-Brain " requiring around 10 million modules ; this idea was rejected by Igor Aleksander, who said " The point is that these puzzles are not puzzles because our neural models are not large enough.

In Judaism, the references to The Spirit of God, Ruach HaKodesh, The Holy Spirit of YHWH, abound, however it has rejected any idea of The Eternal God as being either Dual or Triune.

" Nonstate theorists rejected the idea of hypnotic trance and interpret the effects of hypnotism as due to a combination of multiple task-specific factors derived from normal cognitive, behavioural, and social psychology, such as social role-perception and favorable motivation ( Sarbin ), active imagination and positive cognitive set ( Barber ), response expectancy ( Kirsch ), and the active use of task-specific subjective strategies ( Spanos ).