He edited successively the Journal d ' Olivier Lefèvre d ' Ormesson ( 1860 – 1862 ), interesting for the history of the parlement of Paris during the minority of King Louis XIV ; Lettres du cardinal Mazarin pendant son ministère ( 6 vols, 1870-1891 ), continued by the vicomte G. d ' Avenel ; and Mémoires du duc de Saint-Simon, published for the first time according to the original manuscripts ( 2 editions, 1856-1858 and 1878-1881 ).

In 1646, the Musketeers company was dissolved, but d ' Artagnan continued to serve his protector Mazarin.

France, which in practice was governed by Cardinal Mazarin, wanted a continued Swedish presence in Germany to counterbalance Austria and Spain, which were traditional enemies of France.

For most of the reign of Louis XIV ( 1643 – 1715 ), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor ( 1642 – 1661 ) Cardinal Mazarin and the economic policies ( 1661 – 1683 ) of Colbert.

Richelieu was so successful that his successor, Jules Mazarin, was also a cardinal.

Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV.

* December 18 – Mazarin becomes first adviser to French potentate Richelieu on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.

* Jules Mazarin enters the service of Richelieu.

Exceptions were made for equal royal intermarriage with the princes étrangers and, by royal command, with the so-called princes légitimés ( i. e. out-of-wedlock but legitimised descendants of Henry IV and Louis XIV ), as well as with the nieces of Cardinal-prime ministers ( i. e. Richelieu, Mazarin ).

Anne assumed the regency but to general surprise entrusted the government to the chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who was a protégé of Cardinal Richelieu and figured among the council of the regency.

Cardinal Mazarin succeeded Richelieu in office.

Richelieu and Mazarin.

Her first husband was the Duke de Richelieu and one of the titles of her second husband was the Duke de Mazarin ; she was thus unique in bearing the titles of both Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin.

* Her Serene Highness Princess Alice, The Princess of Monaco, Duchess of Richelieu, Fronsac, Valentinois, Mazarin, Mayenne and Estouteville, Princess of Château-Porcien, Marquise of Jumilhac, Baux-de-Provence, Guiscard and Chilly, Countess of Carladès, Thorigny, Longjumeau, Ferrette, Belfort, Thann and Rosemont, Baronness of Buis, Saint-Lô, la Luthumière, Hambye, Massy, le Calvinet and Altkirch, Lady of Saint-Rémy, Matignon and Issenheim.

His authority survived the changes following on the successive deaths of Richelieu and Louis XIII, and he was the faithful servant of Anne of Austria and of Mazarin.

* Richard Bonney, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624 – 1661 1988 With 309 original documents

* James Breck Perkins, France under Richelieu and Mazarin ( New York, 1888 )

Richelieu intended to make Naudé his librarian, and on his death Naudé accepted a similar offer from Cardinal Mazarin.

César, duke of Vendôme, took part in the disturbances which went on in France under the government of Cardinal Richelieu and of Cardinal Mazarin ; he was the father of Louis, Duke of Vendôme, who married a niece of Mazarin, and François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort.

The relations of the principality of Sedan to the French crown markedly influenced the earlier career of Turenne ; sometimes it proved necessary to advance the soldier to conciliate the ducal family, at other times the machinations of the ducal family against Richelieu or Mazarin prevented the king's advisers from giving their full confidence to their general in the field.

After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord-ism, the Kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers ( Mazarin, Richelieu ).

Dubois, the third of the four great Cardinal-Ministers ( Richelieu, Mazarin, Dubois, and Fleury ), was born in Brive-la-Gaillarde, in Limousin.

He had accumulated an immense private fortune ( though nothing compared to the avaricious acquisition of wealth of Concini, Richelieu, Mazarin, Fouquet, and Colbert ) possessing in addition to his see the revenues of seven abbeys.

Prominent examples of senior members of the church hierarchy who advised monarchs were Cardinal Thomas Wolsey in England, and Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin in France ; prominent, devoutly Catholic laymen like such as Sir Thomas More also served as senior advisors to monarchs.

Her enemies — chief among them, Olympe Mancini, comtesse de Soissons, niece of Cardinal Mazarin -- sought to orchestrate her downfall by bringing her liaison to the ears of Louis's queen, Maria Theresa of Spain.

* The Secret of Queen Anna, or Musketeers Thirty Years After ( 1993 ) and The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin ( 2009 ), Russian film sequels to the 1978 musical, starring Mikhail Boyarsky

During the Civil War ( 1642 – 49 ) in England and Ireland, Innocent X strongly supported the independent ( and Catholic ) Confederate Ireland, over the objections of Mazarin and the former British Queen and at that time Queen Mother, Henrietta Maria, exiled in Paris.

In 1629 he was with the army of the king and cardinal in the War of the Mantuan Succession, where he remained behind at Turin to work on the peace negotiations, after the royal party had returned to France ; thus by 1631 he came to know Mazarin, whom he was able to introduce to Richelieu.

After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde ( 1648 – 1653 ) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War ( 1653 – 1659 ).

After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde ( 1648 – 1653 ) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War ( 1653 – 1659 ).

The government, therefore, was determined to allow no increase of his already overgrown authority, and Mazarin made an attempt, which for the moment proved successful, both to find him employment and to tarnish his fame as a general.

In his portrait sculptures the likenesses were said to have been remarkably successful ; he produced portrait busts of most of the celebrated men of his age, including Louis XIV and Louis XV at Versailles, Colbert ( the kneeling figure of his tomb at Saint-Eustache ), Cardinal Mazarin ( in the church of the Collège des Quatre-Nations ), the Grand Condé ( in the Louvre ), Maria Theresa of Austria, Turenne, Vauban, Cardinals de Bouillon and de Polignac, the duc de Chaulnes ( National Gallery of Art, Washington ); Fénelon, Racine, André Le Nôtre ( church of St-Roch ); Bossuet ( in the Louvre ), the comte d ' Harcourt, William Egon Cardinal Fürstenberg as well as Charles Le Brun ( in the Louvre ).

He died in 1642 before the conclusion of that conflict, having groomed Cardinal Jules Mazarin as a successor.

In the popular tumult known as the day of the barricades ( 26 August 1648 ) he sought out Mazarin and the queen to demand the release of Pierre Broussel and his colleagues, whose seizure had been the original cause of the outbreak.

This influence he gradually turned against Cardinal Mazarin, which helped lead to the outbreak of the Fronde in October 1648.

During the Fronde in 1648, the members of Parlement of the Chambre Saint-Louis demanded the Intendants be suppressed ; Mazarin and Anne of Austria gave in to these demands except in the case of border provinces threatened by Spanish or Imperial attack.

The Salon's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, which was created by Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, in 1648.

Towards 1648 he was invited to France by Cardinal Mazarin, and for about two years was employed in buildings for that minister and for Louis XIV, and in fresco-painting in the Louvre.

He was appointed in 1648 official representative of his home county, the Franche-Comté, which allowed him to stay in Paris, but in 1653 he was banished by Cardinal Mazarin.

In the fine arts, the Académie de peinture et de sculpture (" Academy of Painting and Sculpture ") was founded by Cardinal Mazarin in 1648 and was soon followed by a number of other officially instituted academies: the Académie royale de danse (" Royal Academy of Dance ") in 1661 ; the Académie royale des inscriptions et médailles (" Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Medals ") in 1663 the Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres (" Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Literature " or " Royal Academy of Humanities ") in 1716 ; the Académie royale des sciences (" Royal Academy of Sciences ") in 1666 ; the Académie d ' Opéra (" Academy of Opera ") in 1669 the Académie royale de musique (" Royal Academy of Music ") in 1672 and the Académie de musique in 1791 ; and the Académie royale d ' architecture (" Royal Academy of Architecture ") founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1671.

Mazarin arrested him and a number of other members of the Paris Parlement for their politics on 26 August 1648.