The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed by the Arabic alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and others.

Medieval period: Uqba ibn Nafi, Abu al Muhajir Dinar, Kusayla, Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab, Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam, Qalaat Beni Hammad, Banu Sulaym, Grand Mosque of Tilimsan, Zayyanid, Bani Abd el Wad

* Adnan Husain, " Wondrous Crusade Encounters: Usamah ibn Munqidh's Book of Learning by Example ," in Jason Glenn ( ed ), The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources ( Toronto, University of Toronto, 2012 ),

Medieval Biblical commentator Abraham ibn Ezra writes that the word niddah is related to the term menadechem ( מנדיכם ), meaning those that cast you out.

Medieval Islamic scholar ibn Taymiyyah was probably the first to use the term to describe backsliders in contemporary Muslim society.

*" Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz " – This Arabic translation, related to Galen ’ s Commentary, by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, is extant in the Library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences.

After the Medieval flourishing of Kabbalah, centered around the Zohar, attempts were made to give a complete intellectual system to its theology, such as by Meir ibn Gabbai.

Rabbis who believed in the idea of reincarnation include, from Medieval times: the mystical leaders Nahmanides ( the Ramban ) and Rabbenu Bahya ben Asher ; from the 16th-century: Levi ibn Habib ( the Ralbah ), and from the mystical school of Safed Shelomoh Alkabez, Isaac Luria ( the Ari ) and his exponent Hayyim Vital ; and from the 18th-century: the founder of Hasidism Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, later Hasidic Masters, and the Lithuanian Jewish Orthodox leader and Kabbalist the Vilna Gaon.

Abu al-Saqr al-Qabisi Abd al-Aziz ibn Uthman, Abu al-Saqr al-Qabisi, Al-Qabisi, Alchabitius ( or Alcabitius < Medieval Latin < Arabic: Abû al-Saqr al-Qabîsî ' Abd al -' Azîz ibn Uthmân, أبو الصقر القبيصي عبد العزيز بن عثمان ), also known as Alchabiz, Abdelazys, Abdilaziz (< Arabic: ' Abd al-Azîz, عبدالعزيز ), was a 10th century Arabian astrologer ( died 967 ).

Abraham ibn Daud, however, in his " Sefer ha-Ḳabbalah " ( Adolphe Neubauer's Medieval Jewish Chronicles, i. 64 ), says that it was the last Sassanid king, Yezdegerd ( born 624 ; died 651-652 ; see Nöldeke, " Tabari ," pp. 397 et seq.

* David Diringer, The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental, Courier Dover Publications, New York 1982, ISBN 0-486-24243-9

* The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles

* David Diringer, The Book before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental, Dover Publications, New York 1982, pp. 113 – 169, ISBN 0-486-24243-9.

*“ A Source Book for Medieval History ,” New York, 1905.

Christian writers in Medieval Spain translated many works from Arabic, mainly philosophy and mathematics, but also Arab fiction, as is evidenced by Juan Manuel's story collection El Conde Lucanor and Ramón Llull's The Book of Beasts.

The Codex Wallerstein: A Medieval Fighting Book from the Fifteenth Century on the Longsword, Falchion, Dagger, and Wrestling.

Mary Carruthers, Journal of Medieval Latin 2 ( 1992 ): 25 – 43 ; translated in Carruthers M., The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture, New York: Cambridge Univ.

* Harris, Jonathan, ' Byzantines in Renaissance Italy ', in Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies – http :// the-orb. net / encyclop / late / laterbyz / harris-ren. html

* The Hypertext Book of Hours-Online edition of Medieval Daily Office.

Internet Medieval Source Book.

Internet Medieval Source Book.

Internet Medieval Source Book.

* " The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy ", from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies ( ORB ).

* Regional Cuisines of Medieval Europe: A Book of Essays.

The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental.

The Medieval Book.

The stories of the Mabinogion appear in either or both of two Medieval Welsh manuscripts, the White Book of Rhydderch ( Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch ) written ca.

“ The Book of Margery Kempe: The Marginal Woman ’ s Quest for Literary Authority ”, Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 16 ( 1986 ): 33 – 55.

* Jacob Rader Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book: 315 – 1791, Atheneum, 1938, pp. 155 – 58.

* Meehan, Bernard, The Book of Durrow: A Medieval Masterpiece at Trinity College Dublin, 1996, Town House Dublin, ISBN 978-1-86059-006-1

The Book of Durrow: A Medieval Masterpiece at Trinity College Dublin, 1996, Town House, Dublin, ISBN 1-57098-053-5

Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850-1700.

* Book describing English medieval Coronation and Funeral Ceremonial found in Pamplona, Medieval History of Navarre website, ( in Spanish )

* Three Dimensional Modelling of Scottish Early Medieval Sculpted Stones ( Archaeology Data Service ) AVI, QuickTime and VRML format images of Dunadd and the surrounds.

Aberlemno is notable for the presence of four early Medieval Standing Stones, as well as a fifth that is currently on display at McManus Galleries.

According to Webster, the word's origin is Middle English, injury, from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin tortum, from Latin, neuter of tortus twisted, from past participle of torquēre

According to one theory, increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, as Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades which began in 1096 and the Islamic presence in Spain brought the knowledge of pointed arches to Medieval Europe.

According to an argument outlined by Maria Rosa Menocal in The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History, in 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later.

According to Peter Raedts, professor in Medieval History at the Radboud University of Nijmegen, there are only about 50 sources from the period that talk about the crusade, ranging from a few sentences to half a page.

According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in Medieval Europe probably bathed more than people did in the 19th century.

According to Medieval Roman Catholicism, sufficiently serious sins not only remove merit, but also extinguish sanctifying grace in the baptized believer's soul, which can be restored by the sacrament of penance.

According to " The Late Medieval Balkans " ( 1987 ) by John V. A.

According to Niels Lund, Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Copenhagen, Canute's abortive invasion of England " marked the end of the Viking Age.

According to an entry in the Annals of the Four Masters for AD 123, there were five principal highways () leading to Tara () in Early Medieval Ireland.

According to Karlheinz Stierle, English is what we might consider the current language of this sort of transmission, but “ what English is today ... Latin was in the first centuries after Christ .” In the way that politics and social issues move circulate around the world very often in English, these same concepts traveled along the developing roads from Greece and Italy to England during Medieval times.

According to the Dartmoor National Park, the word ' clapper ' derives ultimately from an Anglo-Saxon word, cleaca, meaning ' bridging the stepping stones '; the Oxford English Dictionary gives the intermediate Medieval Latin form clapus, claperius, " of Gaulish origin ", with an initial meaning of " a pile of stones ".

According to the Medieval Jewish scholar, Rashi, Sefer HaYashar refers to the Pentateuch, as a fulfillment of Jacob's prophecy regarding Ephraim “ His seed Ephraim will fill the nations .” ( Gen. 48: 19 ) that this refer's to Joshua's renown after the miracle of the standing of the sun.

According to the 11th c. Lebor Gabála Érenn, the 14th c. Auraicept na n-Éces, and other Medieval Irish folklore, ogham was first invented soon after the fall of the Tower of Babel, along with the Gaelic language, by the legendary Scythian king, Fenius Farsa.

The Substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Proto-Australoids tribes called Kurukh, Oraon, Kukni, whose modern sepresentatives are Dravidian languages like Kurukh and its dialects like Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna and Malto According to the Indian Anthropological Society, these Australoid tribes speaking Dravidian languages once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ( Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur ) and are not found in Konkan anymore Olivinho Gomes in his essay Medieval Konkani literature also mentions Mundari substratum.

According to Herman Pleij, Dreaming of Cockaigne: Medieval Fantasies of the Perfect Life ( 2001 ):

According to the Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature, the book " brings together what Capgrave felt were the most important events in world and later British history.

According to the legend, the Medieval count Ghisallo was being attacked by bandits when he saw an image of Virgin Mary at a shrine.

* Fredborg, Karin Margareta: Universal Grammar According to Some 12th-Century Grammarians, in Studies in Medieval Linguistic Thought, ed.

According to one version, its name derives from spears ( in Greek: " kontaria "), that were made in the region during the Medieval times.

According to the IRS, Medieval Times improperly deducted royalties, loan interest and management fees in the 1987 and 1989 tax years.

According to Landström, the Medieval galleys had no rams as boarding was considered more important method of warfare than ramming.

According to Medieval tradition, which survived up until the modern era, a bride would often be given a gift of linens made by the women in her family as a wedding present, to help her set up her new married home.

According to " The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest " ( 1994 ) by J. V. A.