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Menander and
For example, in Menander s Dis Exapaton there is a focus on the betrayal between age groups and friends.
In Plautus, on the other hand, the focus is still on the relationship between father and son, but we see betrayal between the two men that wasn t seen in Menander.
William S. Anderson discusses the believability of Menander versus the believability of Plautus and, in essence, says that Plautus plays are much less believable than those plays of Menander because they seem to be such a farce in comparison.
He addresses them as a reflection of Menander with some of Plautus own contributions.
One excellent example is his Bacchides and its supposed Greek predecessor, Menander s Dis Exapaton.
He deconstructed many of the Greek plays finely constructed plots ; he reduced some, exaggerated others of the nicely drawn characters of Menander and of Menander s contemporaries and followers into caricatures ; he substituted for or superimposed upon the elegant humor of his models his own more vigorous, more simply ridiculous foolery in action, in statement, even in language.
For instance, in the works of Athenaeus, Alciphron, and Lucian there are deceptions that involve the aid of a slave, and in Menander s Dis Exapaton there was an elaborate deception executed by a clever slave that Plautus mirrors in his Bacchides.
Evidence of clever slaves also appears in Menander s Thalis, Hypobolimaios, and from the papyrus fragment of his Perinthia.
Hiram was succeeded as king of Tyre by his son Baal-Eser I. Hiram is also mentioned in the writings of Menander of Ephesus, as preserved in Josephus s Against Apion, where some additional information is given that is not found in the Bible.
The beginning date of Hiram s reign is derived from a statement by Josephus, citing both Tyrian court records and the writings of Menander, relating that 143 years passed between the start of construction of Solomon s Temple until the founding of Carthage ( or until Dido s flight that led to its founding ).
The redundancy inherent in these multiple ways of expressing the total years ( the 143 years is mentioned twice, and the 155 years minus 12 years once ) has guaranteed that all extant copies of Josephus / Menander that contain these passages give 155 years and 8 months between the start of Hiram s reign and the foundation of Carthage.
Josephus, citing both Tyrian court records and the writings of Menander, says that it was in Hiram s 12th year that he sent assistance to Solomon for building the Temple.
It was argued, based on philological considerations, that the name as given in the Assyrian text could be matched to a Phoenician Ba ‘ al -‘ azor and the Greek Baal-Eser / Balazeros, a name corresponding to two kings in Menander s list.
Pygmalion s dates are derived from Josephus s Against Apion i. 18, where Josephus quotes the Phoenician historian Menander as follows:
In a 1951 article, J. Liver argued that the 825 date has some credibility because, with it, the elapsed time between that date and the start of building of Solomon s Temple, given as 143 years and 8 months in Menander / Josephus, agrees very closely with the date of approximately 967 BC for the start of Temple construction as derived from 1 Kings 6: 1 ( fourth year of Solomon ) and the date given by most historians for the end of Solomon s forty-year reign, i. e. 932 or 931 BC.
The best texts of Menander / Josephus give six years for Balazeros, followed by nine years for his son and successor Mattenos ( Mattan I ), making 22 years between the start of Balazeros s reign and the seventh year of Pygmalion.
Primary information related to Ithobaal comes from Josephus s citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in Against Apion i. 18.

Menander and s
Menander s further statement that her father was a murderer sheds some light on her choice of a way to solve the “ Naboth ” problem in 1 Kings 21.
* According to an ancient Sri Lankan source, the Mahavamsa, Greek monks seem to have been active proselytizers of Buddhism during the time of Menander: the Yona ( Greek ) Mahadhammarakkhita () is said to have come from " Alasandra " ( thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus, the city founded by Alexander the Great, near today s Kabul ) with 30, 000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa (" Great stupa ") at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, during the 2nd century BC:
The Indo-Greek king Menander I ( reigned 160-135 BCE ) had his capital in Sagala, in today s northern Punjab, and is described by Strabo as one of the most powerful Greek kings of the period, even greater than Alexander the Great.
During the time of Menander I, the Yona ( Ionian ) Mahadhammarakkhita () is said to have come from “ Alasandra ” ( thought to be Alexandria-of-the-Caucasus, the city founded by Alexander the Great, near today s Kabul ) with 30, 000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa (" Great stupa ") at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, during the 2nd century BCE.

Menander and Ithobaal
According to F. M. Cross's chronology of Tyrian kings, as calculated from the records of Menander of Ephesus, Ithobaal killed Phelles and became king of Tyre in 878 BC, two years after Omri became undisputed king of Israel.

Menander and had
These alterations were possibly an adaption on Menander's part to the Indian coins of the Bactrian Eucratides I, who had conquered the westernmost parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, and are interpreted by Bopearachchi as an indication that Menander recaptured these western territories after the death of Eucratides. 5.
Earlier scholars, such as A. Cunningham and W. W. Tarn, believed there were only one Menander and assumed that the king had changed his epithet and / or was expelled from his western dominions.
Ptolemy received Egypt ; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia ; Philotas took Cilicia ; Peithon took Media ; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia ; Asander received Caria ; Menander received Lydia ; Lysimachus received Thrace ; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia ; and Neoptolemus had Armenia.
Ptolemy received Egypt ; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia ; Philotas took Cilicia ; Peithon took Media ; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia ; Asander received Caria ; Menander received Lydia ; Lysimachus received Thrace ; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia ; and Neoptolemus had Armenia.
* Alexandria of the Caucasus or Alexandria of the Arachosians, cities under the control of the Greek king Menander, had a Buddhist monk population of possibly as many as 30, 000, indicating a flourishing Buddhist culture under the Greeks.
The symbolism of the lion had also been adopted by the Buddhist Indo-Greek king Menander II.
The embassy, whose description is preserved by Menander Protector, was under the guidance of Maniakh, chief of the people of Sogdiana, who had first, according to Menander, suggested to Dizabul Istämi ( Sizaboulos in Greek sources ), the great khan of the Turks, this Roman alliance, and had himself come to Byzantium to negotiate it.

Menander and been
He says that the “ verbosity of the Plautine prologues has often been commented upon and generally excused by the necessity of the Roman playwright to win his audience .” However, in both Menander and Plautus, word play is essential to their comedy.
Guesses among historians have been that Menander was either a nephew or a former general of the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius I, but the two kings are now thought to be separated by at least thirty years.
* Menander also struck very rare Attic standard coinage with monolingual inscriptions ( coin 5 ), which were probably intended for use in Bactria ( where they have been found ), perhaps thought to demonstrate his victories against the Bactrian kings, as well as Menander's own claim to that the kingdom.
The second Menander could have been a descendant of the first, and his Buddhist symbols a means of alluding to his great ancestor's conversion.
Along with the Indian kings Ashoka and Harshavardhana, and the Indo-Greek king Menander I ( Milinda ), he is considered by Buddhists to have been one of the greatest Buddhist kings.
It is very likely that Poppaea's family came from Pompeii, and the common belief is that they might have been the owners of the House of the Menander ( a house in Pompeii named for the painting of the fourth century BC playwright Menander that is found there ).
The ubiquitous symbol of the elephant in Indo-Greek coinage may also have been associated with Buddhism, as suggested by the parallel between coins of Antialcidas and Menander II, where the elephant in the coins of Antialcidas holds the same relationship to Zeus and Nike as the Buddhist wheel on the coins of Menander II.
A large Greek city built by Demetrius and rebuilt by Menander has been excavated at the archaeological site of Sirkap near Taxila, where Buddhist stupas were standing side-by-side with Hindu and Greek temples, indicating religious tolerance and syncretism.
The seriousness of the attack is in some doubt: Menander may merely have joined a raid led by Indian Kings down the Ganges, as Indo-Greek presence has not been confirmed this far east.
Menander is considered to have been probably the most successful Indo-Greek king, and the conqueror of the largest territory.
Menander I died around the same time, and even though the king himself seems to have been popular among his subjects, his dynasty was at least partially dethroned ( see discussion under Menander I ).
Sirkap is also said to have been rebuilt by king Menander I.
Athena was also the dynastic deity of the family of Menander, and Agathokleia's prominent position suggests that she was herself the daughter of a king, though she was probably too late to have been a daughter of the Bactrian king Agathocles.
He was either challenged by or ruled in tandem with other kings such as Menander II, whose coins have been found alongside his, and Apollodotus II.
It was long believed that there was only one king named Menander ( see discussion under Menander I ) as their portraits were rather similar and Menander II seems to have been a devout Buddhist, just as Menander I was, according to the ancient Buddhist scripture the Milindapanha.
On the other hand, the name Menander could well have been popular in the Indo-Greek kingdom, and the coins of Menander II are not very like those of Menander I nor of those other kings ( such as Strato I ) who are believed to have belonged to his dynasty.

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