In addition to his works directly addressing problem solving, Pólya wrote another short book called Mathematical Methods in Science, based on a 1963 work supported by the National Science Foundation, edited by Leon Bowden, and published by the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) in 1977.

The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet ( SAMPA ) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ).

Methods for establishing reference ranges are mainly based on assuming a normal distribution or a log-normal distribution, or directly from percentages of interest, as detailed respectively in following sections.

Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a representation ( model ) of the solution space.

Methods commonly used in CFD are the SIMPLE and Uzawa algorithms which exhibit mesh-dependent convergence rates, but recent advances based on block LU factorization combined with multigrid for the resulting definite systems have led to preconditioners that deliver mesh-independent convergence rates.

But its chief fruits were the Treatise on the Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Politics, and the Enquiry into the Credibility of the Early Roman History, in which he vigorously attacked the theory of epic lays and other theories on which Barthold Georg Niebuhr's reconstruction of that history was based.

* Methods based on Boolean satisfiability are sometimes used to generate test vectors.

At Unit 3 and 4 a student may study Further Mathematics ( practical application-data analysis and discrete mathematics ), Mathematical Methods ( CAS ) ( mainstream calculus based course ) or Specialist Mathematics ( advanced calculus based course ).

The following introduction is based on Methods of Information Geometry.

* Methods based on real algebraic geometry

* Methods based on emulators ( e. g. Bayesian ).

* Methods based on Monte Carlo filtering.

In January 1940, Eckert published Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, which solved the problem of predicting the orbits of the planets, using the IBM electric tabulating machines, based on the punched card.

( Methods such as piece rates are often impracticable because monitoring is too costly or inaccurate ; or they may be based on measures too imperfectly verifiable by workers, creating a moral hazard problem on the employer ’ s side.

" Methods based on estimating a value function or using the concept of " outranking relations ," analytical hierarchy process, and some decision rule-based methods try to solve multiple criteria evaluation problems utilizing prior articulation of preferences.

The extensive work of creating these grade separation projects was extensively covered in the Proceedings of the Engineers ' Club of Philadelphia ( volume 16, page 1 ) in " Pennsylvania Avenue Subway and Tunnel " based on a paper read by George Webster on October 15, 1898 and in the Journal of the Engineers Society of Pennsylvania ( volume 8, page 303 ) in an article titled " Grade Separation — Two Distinct Methods " based on a paper delivered on November 16, 1916 by Samuel Wagner, Chief Engineer of the P & R.

* Inductive Hermeneutics Methods ( Logic based )

As can be seen, Monte Carlo Methods are particularly useful in the valuation of options with multiple sources of uncertainty or with complicated features, which would make them difficult to value through a straightforward Black – Scholes-style or lattice based computation.

Morse co-authored Methods of Operations Research, the first OR textbook in the U. S., with George E. Kimball based on the Navy work.

Methods based on condensing information, summarising and the use of keywords ===

Methods of utilizing non-PKI based encryption bring in challenges in a successful and secure key-exchange.

The current affairs programme ' Dragon's Eye ' broadcast 1 May 2012, reported on work published by Dr Chris Taylor and colleagues at Wales Institute of Social & Economic Research, Data & Methods ( WISERD ) based at Cardiff University.

In order to further refine the management of passenger vehicles, on July 1, 1958, the actual title to every vehicle was transferred, by Executive Order, to the Division of Methods, Research and Office Services.

The most detailed discussion of his theories on education is in an essay, " Observations on the Principles and Methods of Infant Instruction ".

* Observations on the Principles and Methods of Infant Instruction ( 1830 )

Methods may incorporate or base themselves on traditional medicine, folk knowledge, spiritual beliefs, or newly conceived approaches to healing.

Methods in preventing amputation depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary.

* Stigler, Stephen M. ( 1999 ) Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods.

( See the section on computational modeling in the Research Methods section.

Design Methods is a broad area that focuses on:

* A short biography on Holistic Numerical Methods Institute

Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted material, i. e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid.

Methods to manage water in cells are being developed like electroosmotic pumps focusing on flow control.

Methods PUT and DELETE are defined to be idempotent, meaning that multiple identical requests should have the same effect as a single request ( Note that idempotence refers to the state of the system after the request has completed, so while the action the server takes ( e. g. deleting a record ) or the response code it returns may be different on subsequent requests, the system state will be the same every time ).

Eckert's publication of Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation in 1940, described punch card techniques sufficiently advanced to solve some differential equations or perform multiplication and division using floating point representations, all on punched cards and unit record machines.

In succeeding years, he gave series of lectures on “ Ichthyology ” ( 1847 – 48 season ), “ Comparative Embryology ” ( 1848 – 49 ), “ Functions of Life in Lower Animals ” ( 1850 – 51 ), “ Natural History ” ( 1853 – 54 ), “ Methods of Study in Natural History ” ( 1861 – 62 ), “ Glaciers and the Ice Period ” ( 1864 – 65 ), “ Brazil ” ( 1866 – 67 ) and “ Deep Sea Dredging ” ( 1869 – 70 ).

Methods on objects are functions attached to the object's class ; the syntax is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for.

Methods for dealing with this issue exist but can also increase the overhead and complexity of reference counting — on the other hand, these methods need only be applied to data that might form cycles, often a small subset of all data.

In addition to various technical books, he wrote a standard treatise on Select Methods in Chemical Analysis in 1871, and a small book on diamonds in 1909.

9, Accounting and Analytical Methods ) and its companion volume, Mattessich ( 1964b, Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program ) applied computerized spreadsheets to accounting and budgeting systems ( on mainframe computers programmed in FORTRAN IV ).

* Methods of Measuring Electrical Resistance-Edwin F. Northrup, 1912, full-text on Google Books

* Online lecture on Modern X-ray Scattering Methods for Nanoscale Materials Analysis by Richard J. Matyi

Methods for collision detection are media dependent, but on an electrical bus such as 10BASE-5 or 10BASE-2, collisions can be detected by comparing transmitted data with received data or by recognizing a higher than normal signal amplitude on the bus.