" Methods based on estimating a value function or using the concept of " outranking relations ," analytical hierarchy process, and some decision rule-based methods try to solve multiple criteria evaluation problems utilizing prior articulation of preferences.

Methods utilizing wavefront measurements or predictions can be considered an advanced approach to lens optics, where a single focal distance may not exist due to lens thickness or imperfections.

In addition to his works directly addressing problem solving, Pólya wrote another short book called Mathematical Methods in Science, based on a 1963 work supported by the National Science Foundation, edited by Leon Bowden, and published by the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) in 1977.

The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet ( SAMPA ) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ).

Methods for establishing reference ranges are mainly based on assuming a normal distribution or a log-normal distribution, or directly from percentages of interest, as detailed respectively in following sections.

Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a representation ( model ) of the solution space.

Methods commonly used in CFD are the SIMPLE and Uzawa algorithms which exhibit mesh-dependent convergence rates, but recent advances based on block LU factorization combined with multigrid for the resulting definite systems have led to preconditioners that deliver mesh-independent convergence rates.

But its chief fruits were the Treatise on the Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Politics, and the Enquiry into the Credibility of the Early Roman History, in which he vigorously attacked the theory of epic lays and other theories on which Barthold Georg Niebuhr's reconstruction of that history was based.

* Methods based on Boolean satisfiability are sometimes used to generate test vectors.

At Unit 3 and 4 a student may study Further Mathematics ( practical application-data analysis and discrete mathematics ), Mathematical Methods ( CAS ) ( mainstream calculus based course ) or Specialist Mathematics ( advanced calculus based course ).

The following introduction is based on Methods of Information Geometry.

* Methods based on real algebraic geometry

* Methods based on emulators ( e. g. Bayesian ).

* Methods based on Monte Carlo filtering.

In January 1940, Eckert published Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, which solved the problem of predicting the orbits of the planets, using the IBM electric tabulating machines, based on the punched card.

( Methods such as piece rates are often impracticable because monitoring is too costly or inaccurate ; or they may be based on measures too imperfectly verifiable by workers, creating a moral hazard problem on the employer ’ s side.

Methods based on antigen detection ( circulating in serum or in faeces ) are less frequent.

The extensive work of creating these grade separation projects was extensively covered in the Proceedings of the Engineers ' Club of Philadelphia ( volume 16, page 1 ) in " Pennsylvania Avenue Subway and Tunnel " based on a paper read by George Webster on October 15, 1898 and in the Journal of the Engineers Society of Pennsylvania ( volume 8, page 303 ) in an article titled " Grade Separation — Two Distinct Methods " based on a paper delivered on November 16, 1916 by Samuel Wagner, Chief Engineer of the P & R.

* Inductive Hermeneutics Methods ( Logic based )

As can be seen, Monte Carlo Methods are particularly useful in the valuation of options with multiple sources of uncertainty or with complicated features, which would make them difficult to value through a straightforward Black – Scholes-style or lattice based computation.

Morse co-authored Methods of Operations Research, the first OR textbook in the U. S., with George E. Kimball based on the Navy work.

Methods based on condensing information, summarising and the use of keywords ===

The current affairs programme ' Dragon's Eye ' broadcast 1 May 2012, reported on work published by Dr Chris Taylor and colleagues at Wales Institute of Social & Economic Research, Data & Methods ( WISERD ) based at Cardiff University.

Methods that limit the user's possible behaviors are arguably the most successful approach currently known to reducing software brittleness.

Methods of veterinary castration include instant surgical removal, the use of an elastrator tool to secure a band around the testicles that disrupts the blood supply, the use of a Burdizzo tool or emasculators to crush the spermatic cords and disrupt the blood supply, pharmacological injections and implants and immunological techniques to inoculate the animal against its own sexual hormones.

Methods of data transmission must be robust and secure.

In order to further refine the management of passenger vehicles, on July 1, 1958, the actual title to every vehicle was transferred, by Executive Order, to the Division of Methods, Research and Office Services.

Magazine advertising included Management Methods, The New Englander, U. S. Investor, and Plant Location.

Analysis of variance became widely known after being included in Fisher's 1925 book Statistical Methods for Research Workers.

Methods include simply looking at the night sky with the naked eye, using binoculars, and using a variety of optical telescopes of varying power and quality, as well as additional sophisticated equipment, such as cameras, to study light from the sky in both the visual and non-visual parts of the spectrum.

Methods may incorporate or base themselves on traditional medicine, folk knowledge, spiritual beliefs, or newly conceived approaches to healing.

Methods in preventing amputation depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary.

Applied Business Statistics: Methods and Excel-Based Applications, Juta Academic.

Methods like Sequence Alignments and Structural Alignments are powerful tools that help scientists identify homologies between related molecules.

Methods for predicting the use of biological agents in urban areas as well as assessing the area for the hazards associated with a biological attack are being established in major cities.

* Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2005 ).

Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2006, Chapter 6.

* Bayin, S. S., Essentials of Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2008, Chapter 11.

* R. E. Bryant, S. M. German, and M. N. Velev, Microprocessor Verification Using Efficient Decision Procedures for a Logic of Equality with Uninterpreted Functions, in Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods, pp. 1 – 13, 1999.

* Stigler, Stephen M. ( 1999 ) Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods.

( See the section on computational modeling in the Research Methods section.