A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

The Sub-Roman or Post-Roman history of Dumnonia comes from a variety of sources and is considered exceedingly difficult to interpret given that historical fact, legend and confused pseudo-history are compounded by a variety of sources in Middle Welsh and Latin.

In the late 15th / early 16th century Middle Cornish play Beunans Ke, Arthur's sword is called Calesvol, which is etymologically an exact Middle Cornish cognate of the Welsh Caledfwlch.

Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth " bear " + ( g ) wr " man " ( earlier * Arto-uiros in Brittonic ); there are phonological difficulties with this theory — notably that a Brittonic compound name * Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh * Artgur and Middle / Modern Welsh * Arthwr and not Arthur ( in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in-ur-never words ending in-wr-which confirms that the second element cannot be wr " man ").

Geoffrey's story spread widely, appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace's Norman French Roman de Brut, Layamon's Middle English Brut, and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd.

The name Gaul is sometimes erroneously linked to the ethnic name Gael, which is derived from Old Irish Goidel ( borrowed, in turn, in the 7th century AD from Primitive Welsh Guoidel-spelled Gwyddel in Middle Welsh and Modern Welsh-likely derived from a Brittonic root * Wēdelos meaning literally " forest person, wild man "); the names are, thus, unrelated.

While the Anglo-Saxon name Theodric ( Deoric ) is extinct in the Middle English period, it was adopted in Old Welsh as Tewdrig and survives in Modern Welsh as Tudur.

Very little historical information about Dark Age Welsh court tradition survives, but the Middle Welsh material came to be the nucleus of the Matter of Britain and Arthurian legend as they developed from the 13th century.

There seems to be some continuity of Early Medieval Welsh tradition into the Late Middle Ages, with 14th century poets such as Dafydd ap Gwilym and Iolo Goch, and even to the present day with the Gorsedd of Bards.

" However, as both his predecessor, Cerdic, and successor, Ceawlin, might have Celtic names, an alternative etymology has been postulated from " Cunorix " which would mean " hound-king " in Old British ( rendered as Cinir in Old Welsh, Kynyr in Middle Welsh ).

Blodeuwedd or Blodeuedd, ( Middle Welsh composite name from blodeu ' flowers, blossoms ' + gwedd ' face, aspect, appearance ': " flower face "), is the wife of Lleu Llaw Gyffes in Welsh mythology, made from the flowers of broom, meadowsweet and the oak by the magicians Math and Gwydion, and is a central figure in the fourth branch of the Mabinogi.

Gofannon is a Middle Welsh reflex of Gobannus, one of the deities worshipped by the ancient Celts.

He features in Middle Welsh literature as a great metal worker and as the son of Dôn.

His name can be compared with the Old Irish gobae ~ gobann ‘ smith ,’ Middle Welsh gof ~ gofein ‘ smith ,’ Gallic gobedbi ‘ with the smiths ,’ Latin faber ‘ smith ’ and with the Lithuanian gabija ‘ sacred home fire ’ and Lithuanian gabus ‘ gifted, clever ’.

His name can be compared with the Old Irish gobae ~ gobann ‘ smith ,’ Middle Welsh gof ~ gofein ‘ smith ,’ Gallic gobedbi ‘ with the smiths ,’ Latin faber ‘ smith ’ and with the Lithuanian gabija ‘ sacred home fire ’ and Lithuanian gabus ‘ gifted, clever ’.

Annwn or Annwfn or Annwvyn ( Middle Welsh, Annwvn, Annwyn, Annwyfn or Annwfyn ) was the Otherworld in Welsh mythology.

A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa ‘ hemp ’.

‘ Muslim Education in the Medieval Times ’, The Middle East Institute, Washington D. C.

This ‘ Middle Canal ’ section runs from Huai ' an to Weishan Lake, passing through Luoma Lake and following more than one course, the result of the impact of centuries of Yellow River flooding.

* Brandy Ryan, " Middle English as Creole: “ Still trying not to refer to you lot as ‘ bloody colonials ’”", University of Toronto, 2005

The name ‘ Zug ’ originates from fishing vocabulary ; in the Middle Ages it referred to the right to ‘ pull up ’ fishing nets and hence to the right to fish.

German selig ‘ blessed ’, Middle High German sælde ‘ bliss, luck ’, and Zelda, a Middle Eastern female first name ) and even formal status ( e. g. English mob ).

Looking across Indo-European languages, it becomes apparent that the name could be cognate with Old English fealu ‘ pale, faded, dark, yellowish-brown ,’ Modern English fallow, from Proto-Germanic * falwaz, cognate with Old Norse fölr, Middle Dutch valu, German falb, from Proto-Indo-European * polwos ‘ dark-colored, gray ,’ cf.

This conception was taken up by the early Church Fathers and by canon lawyers and theologians in the Middle Ages ; ;

La Croix on the Customs of the Middle Ages, 16 chapters of Bryce `` and liked it more and more '' ; ;

** Middle Islet, 21, 200 m² land area ;

Among his very numerous works two poems entitle him to a distinguished place in the Latin literature of the Middle Ages ; one of these, the De planctu naturae, is an ingenious satire on the vices of humanity.

That he enjoyed warfare there can be no doubt ; yet he was not like the ordinary fighting bishops of the Middle Ages, whose sole indication of their religious role was to avoid the shedding of blood by using a mace in battle instead of a sword.

However, it has been strongly argued that this was a point made out of mis-translation, as pointed out by Amin Malouf, and that the origin of the term in Middle Eastern culture comes from phrase Asasiyun, meaning those who follow the Asas ; believers in the foundation of faith.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

The ballads do not have any known author or correct version ; instead, having been passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages, there are many variations of each.

In the Middle Ages, boroughs were settlements in England that were granted some self-government ; burghs were the Scottish equivalent.

For example ; burgh in Scots and Middle English ; burg in German and Old English, borg in Scandinavian languages ; parcus in Latin and pyrgos in Greek.

Lady Fortune with the Wheel of Fortune in a medieval manuscript of a work by Giovanni Boccaccio | Boccaccio ; Consolation of Philosophy was responsible for the popularity of the goddess of Fortune and the wheel of fortune in the Middle Ages

In some of these subdivisions the Cambrian is divided into three epochs with locally differing names – the Early Cambrian ( Caerfai or Waucoban, mya ), Middle Cambrian ( St Davids or Albertian, mya ) and Furongian ( mya ; also known as Late Cambrian, Merioneth or Croixan ).

In 1906, the Oubangui-Chari territory was united with the Chad colony ; in 1910, it became one of the four territories of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa ( AEF ), along with Chad, Middle Congo, and Gabon.

In an essay on conspiracy theories originating in the Middle East, Daniel Pipes notes that " ive assumptions distinguish the conspiracy theorist from more conventional patterns of thought: appearances deceive ; conspiracies drive history ; nothing is haphazard ; the enemy always gains ; power, fame, money, and sex account for all.

In the Middle Ages, a beard displayed a knight's virility and honour.

The name of the German invasion plan was Operation Barbarossa, named after a well-known German Emperor in the Middle Ages who had according to legend, ' a great red beard ', thus the CSA's operation's name.

Old English ea and éa became in Early Scots, merging with vowel 2 () or vowel 4 () in Middle Scots depending on dialect or lexeme, except for a few Northern Scots dialects where it became, for example Modern Scots: beard, breid ( bread ), deid ( dead ), deif ( deaf ), heid ( head ), " meat " ( food ), steid ( stead ) and tread from beard, bréad, déad, déaf, héafod, mete, stede and tredan.

Many of the settings for Agatha Christie ’ s books were directly inspired by the many archaeological field seasons spent in the Middle East on the sites managed by her second husband Max Mallowan.

Many of Christie ’ s books and short stories both set in the Middle East and back in England have a decidedly otherworldly influence in which religious sects, sacrifices, ceremony, and seances play a part.

This theme was greater strengthened by Christie ’ s time spent in the Middle East where she was consistently surrounded by the religious temples and spiritual history of the towns and cities they were excavating in Mallowan ’ s archaeological work.

: Christie ’ s Murder in Mesopotamia is the most archaeologically influenced of all her novels as it is set in the Middle East at an archaeological dig site and associated expedition house.

The effect of Henry ’ s excommunication, and his subsequent reluctance to repent left a turbulence in central Europe that lasted throughout the Middle Ages.

Owing to the favourable soil and climate, the Limburg Basin stands as one of Hesse ’ s richest agricultural regions and moreover, with its convenient Lahn crossing, it has been of great importance to transport since the Middle Ages.

Remains of the fortification wall from the years 1130, 1230 and 1340 with a maxiumum length of roughly one thousand metres indicate to this day the blossoming town ’ s quick development in the Middle Ages.

Raymond Clemens and Timothy Graham point out, in " Introduction to Manuscript Studies ", that “ the quire was the scribe ’ s basic writing unit throughout the Middle Ages ”.

Despite serious domestic turmoil, the patriotism engendered by Morocco ’ s participation in the Middle East conflict and by the events in Western Sahara contributed to Hassan ’ s popularity and strengthened his hand politically.

The Core Program ’ s emphasis on global literacy requires students to take a minimum of three courses that touch on at least three of the following geographical areas: Africa and the Middle East ; Asia and the Pacific ; Europe ; Latin America ; the United States ; and Intercultural.

Together, the Lances and Florence Amherst mounted a campaign for recognition of the Middle Eastern breed, that coincided with the phenomenon of " Tutmania " caused by Howard Carter's discovery of Tutankhamun ’ s tomb in late 1922.

In 1997, the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs ( which is critical of United States and Israeli policies ), praised the Times ( along with The Christian Science Monitor owned by the Church of Christ, Scientist ), and the Times ’ sister publication The Middle East Times for their objective and informative coverage of Islam and the Middle East, while criticizing the Times generally pro-Israel editorial policy.

Economically, the UAE is the UK ’ s largest export market for non-military goods in the Middle East.

* Egoff, Sheila A., Worlds Within: Children ’ s Fantasy from the Middle Ages to Today ( Chicago & London: American Library Association, 1988 )

Raymond Clemens and Timothy Graham point out, in " Introduction to Manuscript Studies ", that “ the quire was the scribe ’ s basic writing unit throughout the Middle Ages ”.

During the European Dark Ages, Yahya Ibn_al -' Awwam ’ s handbook guided the people of North Africa, Spain and the Middle East with its emphasis on irrigation ; a translation of this work was finally carried to the southwest of the United States.

At the end of Middle Age, the city of Civita ( today ’ s Olbia ) takes the name of Terranova.

As part of collection of studies conducted under the auspices of the RAND Corporation ’ s Center for Middle East Public Policy, the Palestinian Arc study has by far received the most notoriety and broad acceptance from Palestinians, Israelis, Europeans, Americans, and across the Middle East.

As a direct consequence of the country ’ s poverty, Yemen compares unfavorably with its Middle Eastern neighbors in terms of transportation infrastructure and communications network.