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Mitochondrial and ATP
Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA or mDNA ) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert the chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).
* Mitochondrial Isotope System, The ATP conversion factor
Other cytoskeletal proteins involved in DCM include α-cardiac actin, desmin, and the nuclear lamins A and C. Mitochondrial deletions and mutations presumably cause DCM by altering myocardial ATP generation.

Mitochondrial and is
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is otherwise found mainly among Nivkhs, and with lower frequency among Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols ( including Kalmyks and Buryats ), Chinese, Japanese, Central Asians, South Siberian Turkic peoples ( e. g. Tuvans, Todjins, Soyots ), Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, and Malaysians.
MAC, also called " Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization Pore " is regulated by various proteins, such as those encoded by the mammalian Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptopic genes, the homologs of the ced-9 gene found in C. elegans.
While earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans date from around 195, 000 years ago, the matrilinear most recent common ancestor shared by all living humans ( dubbed Mitochondrial Eve ), is dated to about 120-150 thousand years ago.
Mitochondrial DNA extracted from eastern North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin.
Mitochondrial Eve ( mt-mrca ) is the name given by researchers to the woman who, by matrilineal reckoning, is the most recent common ancestor ( mrca ) for all living humans.
The time she lived is calculated scientifically, based on the molecular clock technique of correlating elapsed time with observed genetic drift, see Mitochondrial Eve.
Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilineal most recent common ancestor, although they lived thousands of years apart.
Mitochondrial Eve is estimated to have lived around 200, 000 years ago, most likely in East Africa, when Homo sapiens sapiens ( anatomically modern humans ) were developing as a population distinct from other human sub-species.
The mitochondrial clade which Mitochondrial Eve defines is the species Homo sapiens sapiens itself, or at least the current population or " chronospecies " as it exists today.
Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common matrilineal ancestor for all modern humans.
The date when Mitochondrial Eve lived is estimated by determining the MRCA of a sample of mtDNA lineages.
Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common matrilineal ancestor, not the most recent common ancestor ( MRCA ).
This is far more recent than Mitochondrial Eve.
*" Y-chromosomal Adam ", the most recent male-line common ancestor of all living men, was much more recent than Mitochondrial Eve, but is also likely to have been long before the Identical ancestors point.
Mitochondrial Eve is named after mitochondria and the Biblical Eve.
* In River Out of Eden, Richard Dawkins discusses human ancestry in the context of a river of genes and shows that Mitochondrial Eve is one of the many common ancestors we can trace back to via different gene pathways.
* Krishna Kunchithapadam, " What, if anything, is a Mitochondrial Eve?
The concept of the Mitochondrial Eve is based on the same type of analysis, attempting to discover the origin of humanity by tracking the lineage back in time.
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively through the female line ; all children inherit it only from their mothers.
Mitochondrial hexokinase is highly elevated in rapidly-growing malignant tumor cells, with levels up to 200 times higher than normal tissues.
Mitochondrial DNA, however, is strictly inherited from the mother and each mitochondrial organelle typically contains multiple mtDNA copies ( see Heteroplasmy ).
Mitochondrial disease may become clinically apparent once the number of affected mitochondria reaches a certain level ; this phenomenon is called " threshold expression ".

Mitochondrial and also
Mitochondrial gene sequences also provide support for this hypothesis.
Mitochondrial DNA studies have demonstrated that the white-breasted northern subspecies of Eurasian Nuthatch, S. ( europea ) arctica, is distinctive and also a possible candidate for full species status.
All living humans are also descended matrilineally from Mitochondrial Eve who is thought to have lived earlier, about 190, 000 – 200, 000 years ago.
Mitochondrial DNA studies also showed evidence that the San people carry high frequencies of the earliest haplogroup branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree.
Mitochondrial DNA, therefore, can be used to trace matrilineal inheritance and to find the Mitochondrial Eve ( also known as the African Eve ), the most recent common ancestor of all human via the mitochondrial DNA pathway.
Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) is located inside mitochondria organelles, exists in multiple copies, and is also tightly associated with a number of proteins to form a complex known as the nucleoid.
Mitochondrial DNA, therefore, can be used to trace matrilineal inheritance and to find the Mitochondrial Eve ( also known as the African Eve ), the most recent common ancestor of all humans via the mitochondrial DNA pathway.

Mitochondrial and for
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, the organelles that generate energy for the cell.
Mitochondrial disorders may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components.
When Ivan Nasidze and his colleagues examined both Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome DNA, they found Kurdish groups most similar genetically to other West Asian groups, and most distant from Central Asian groups, for both mtDNA and the Y-chromosome.
A phylogeographic study that uncovered a Mitochondrial Eve that lived in Africa 150, 000 years ago provided early support for the Out-of-Africa model.
* Mitochondrial Eve — An organisation is trying to trace a common maternal ancestor for recent humanity.
* Arbogast, B. S. ( 1999 ): Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the New World flying squirrels ( Glaucomys ): implications for Pleistocene biogeography.
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the New World flying squirrels Glaucomys: implications for Pleistocene biogeography.
* Väli, Ülo ( 2006 ): Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata.
* Väli, Ülo ( 2006 ): Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata.
Since Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam are traced by single genes via a single ancestral parent lines, the time to these genetic MRCAs will necessarily be greater than that for the genealogical MRCA.
* ( 1992 ): Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines.
* ( G71. 3 ) Mitochondrial myopathies, which are due to defects in mitochondria, which provide a critical source of energy for muscle
Mitochondrial DNA is only 16kb in length and encodes for 62 genes.
The Eve in the title refers to Mitochondrial Eve, a name used for the most recent common ancestor of all humans in the matrilineal ( mother to daughter ) line of descent.

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