Mobutu's earliest studies were in Léopoldville, but his mother eventually sent him to an uncle in Coquilhatville, where he attended the Christian Brothers School, a Catholic mission boarding school.

The latter was intended to be fairly short-lived, but Mobutu's power plays dragged it in length, to ultimately 1997, when the forces-led by Laurent Kabila eventually toppled the regime, after a 9-month-long successful military campaign.

On 23 January 1961 Kasa-Vubu promoted Mobutu to major-general ; de Witte argues that this was a political move, ' aim to strengthen the army, the president's sole support, and Mobutu's position within the army.

Initially, Mobutu's government was decidedly apolitical, even anti-political.

In 1968 Pierre Mulele, Lumumba's Minister of Education and later a rebel leader during the 1964 Simba rebellion, was lured out of exile in Brazzaville on the assumption that he would be amnestied, but was tortured and killed by Mobutu's forces.

Another feature of Mobutu's economic mismanagement, directly linked to the way he and his friends siphoned off so much of the country's wealth, was rampant inflation.

Carter echoed Mobutu's ( unsubstantiated ) charges of Soviet and Cuban aid to the rebels, until it was apparent that no hard evidence existed to verify his claims.

Mobutu's relationship with the Soviet Union was frosty and tense.

Mobutu, a staunch anticommunist, was not anxious to recognize the Soviets ; the USSR had supported, though mostly in words, Lumumba, Mobutu's democratically elected predecessor, and the Simba rebels.

Upon returning home, both his politics and rhetoric became markedly more radical ; it was around this time that Mobutu began criticizing Belgium and the United States ( the latter for not doing enough, in Mobutu's opinion, to combat white minority rule in southern Africa ), introduced the " obligatory civic work " program called salongo, and initiated " radicalization " ( an extension of 1973's " Zairianization " policy ).

According to Transparency International, Mobutu embezzled over $ 5 billion USD from his country, ranking him as the third-most corrupt leader in the past two decades and the most corrupt African leader during the same period .< ref > But after his death the Swiss Government has claimed that Mobutu's legacy was just evaluated at 5. 3 millions dollars.

On September 5, Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba but the prime minister refused to accept this and in turn announced Kasa-Vubu's dismissal, creating a stalemate that was only ended on September 14 with army commander Joseph Mobutu's seizure of power and arrest of Lumumba.

The Zaire flag was created as part of Mobutu's attempted re-Africanization of the nation and was used officially until Mobutu's overthrow in the First Congo War.

Nzemba, who was appointed by Mobutu in 1986, was considered one of the more powerful players in Mobutu's political party, the Mouvement Populaire pour le Revolution ( MPR ), but also called himself a " brother " of Étienne Tshisekedi, a popular local political figure and Mobutu's most significant political opposition.

Relations with Mobutu ruptured around 1980, and Tshisekedi was removed from Mobutu's government.

In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for criticism of Mobutu's repressive regime, and ever since he has been thrown in prison numerous times by both Mobutu's government and Laurent Kabila's.

Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's most determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three separate occasions.

However, many people viewed these charges with skepticism ; in fact, one of Mobutu's staunchest critics, Nzongola-Ntalaja, speculated that Mobutu invented the plot as an excuse to purge the military of talented officers who might otherwise pose a threat to his rule.

Roberto established a political alliance with Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko by divorcing his wife and marrying a woman from Mobutu's wife's village.

Roberto established a political alliance with Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko by divorcing his wife and marrying a woman from Mobutu's wife's village.

Mobutu's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism.

The regime alleged these officers and others ( including Mobutu's civil secrétaire particulier ) had plotted the assassination of Mobutu, high treason, and disclosure of military secrets, among other offences.

** Mobutu's troops launch an offensive against mercenaries in Bukavu, Congo.

The embassies of Western nations, which helped pay the soldiers ' salaries, as well as Kasa-Vubu and Mobutu's subordinates favored getting rid of the Soviet presence.

By Mobutu's own admission, the union would serve as an instrument of support for government policy, rather than as a force for confrontation.

That year marked the pinnacle of Mobutu's legitimacy and power.

Katangan rebels based in Angola invaded Zaire in 1977 in retaliation for Mobutu's support for anti-MPLA rebels.

Mobutu's rule earned a reputation as one of the world's foremost examples of kleptocracy and nepotism.

Relations did cool significantly in 1974-1975 over Mobutu's increasingly radical rhetoric ( which included his scathing denunciations of American foreign policy ), and plummeted to an all-time low in the summer of 1975, when Mobutu accused the Central Intelligence Agency of plotting his overthrow and arrested eleven senior Zairian generals and several civilians, and condemned ( in absentia ) a former head of the Central Bank.

Because of Mobutu's poor human rights record, the Carter Administration put some distance between itself and the Kinshasa government ; even so, Zaire received nearly half the foreign aid Carter allocated sub-Saharan Africa.

Even so, Mobutu's relationship with the US radically changed shortly afterward with the end of the Cold War.

Relations soured early in Mobutu's rule over disputes involving the substantial Belgian commercial and industrial holdings in the country, but relations warmed soon afterwards.

Mobutu's " Zairianization " policy, which expropriated foreign-held businesses and transferred their ownership to Zairians, added to the strain.

Memories of Chinese aid to Mulele and other Maoist rebels in Kwilu province during the ill-fated Simba rebellion remained fresh in Mobutu's mind.

Marie de Coucy, who became mother of Alexander III of Scotland

Whatever the truth Olympia, rather than face trial, subsequently fled France for Brussels in January 1680, leaving Eugene in the care of his father's mother, Marie de Bourbon, and her daughter, Hereditary Princess of Baden, mother of Prince Louis of Baden.

Expelled from France Marie joined her mother in Brussels before eloping with a renegade priest to Geneva, with whom she lived unhappily until her premature death in 1705.

Some scholars believe that, because the only evidence for the " courts of love " is Andreas Capellanus ’ s book The Art of Courtly Love, they probably never existed ; to further strengthen their argument, they say that there is also no evidence that Marie ever stayed with her mother in Poitiers, beyond her name being mentioned in Andreas ’ s work.

Her mother, Marie de Guise, stayed in Scotland to look after the interests of Mary — and of France — although the Earl of Arran acted officially as regent.

His mother Marie Emma, née Groß, worked as a maid and, later, factory worker.

* April 24 – Encouraged by Charles d ' Albert, the seventeen-year-old Louis XIII, king of France, forces his mother Marie de Medici, who has held de facto power, into retirement and has her favourite, Concino Concini, assassinated.

** Battle of Les Ponts-de-Cé, Poitou: French king Louis XIII defeats his mother Marie de ' Medici.

His father, Pierre de Beze, royal governor of Vezelay, descended from a Burgundian family of distinction ; his mother, Marie Bourdelot, was known for her generosity.

Malraux was raised by his mother, maternal aunt Marie and maternal grandmother, Adrienne Lamy-Romagna, who had a grocery store in the small town of Bondy.

At first, Marie de Medici, his mother, served as regent and advanced a pro-Spanish policy.

After months of continued pressure from her mother and the Austrian minister, the comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Marie Antoinette grudgingly agreed to speak to Mme du Barry on New Year's Day 1772.

Later, Marie Antoinette became more polite to the comtesse, pleasing Louis XV, but also particularly her mother.

Though the letters were touching, in later years Marie Antoinette said she feared her mother more than she loved her.

Portrait of Marie Antoinette in hunting attire ( a favorite of her mother ), by Joseph Krantzinger ( 1771 ), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

To make up for the lack of affection from her husband and the endless criticism of her mother, Marie Antoinette began to spend more on gambling and clothing, with cards and horse-betting, as well as trips to the city and new clothing, shoes, pomade and rouge.

Marie Antoinette was worried that the death of her mother would jeopardise the Franco-Austrian alliance ( as well as, ultimately, herself ), but Emperor Joseph reassured her through his own letters ( as the empress had not stopped writing to Marie Antoinette until shortly before her death ) that he had no intention of breaking the alliance.

This State Portrait by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun ( 1787 ) of Marie Antoinette and her children Marie Thérèse, Louis Charles ( on her lap ), and Louis Joseph, was meant to help her reputation by depicting her as a mother and in simple, yet stately attire.

His mother, Marie Berta Gabrielle ( née Barbin ; 1856 – 1919 ), was French, born in Lure in Lorraine.

He later encounters Marie, a former employee of his firm, and the two become re-acquainted and begin to have a sexual relationship, regardless of the fact that Meursault's mother died just a day before.

He doesn't show emotion to the fact that his mother is dead, Marie loves him or that he killed an Arab.

Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her.