Modern customs and institutions offer few useful parallels to the legal and social context which defined the gladiatoria munera Under law, anyone condemned to the arena or the gladiator schools ( ad ludum ) was a servus poenae under sentence of death unless manumitted.

Modern Jewish legal practice ( halakha ) on kashrut classifies the flesh of both mammals and birds as " meat "; fish are considered to be parve, neither meat nor a dairy food.

Modern property rights are based on conceptions of owners and possession as belonging to legal persons, even if the legal person is not a natural person.

Modern Orthodox Judaism, particularly in its more liberal variants, has tended to look at proposed changes in the role of women on a specific, case-by-case basis, focusing on arguments regarding the religious and legal role of specific prayers, rituals and activities individually.

Modern anthropology developed at a time when a great many human societies were non-literate, and much of the research on incest taboos has taken place in societies without legal codes, and, therefore, without written laws concerning marriage and incest.

Modern cremators are computer-controlled to ensure legal and safe use.

It developed as a compendium ( with multiple authorship ) from Philosophical Considerations Touching the Being of Witches and Witchcraft ( 1666 ), addressed to Robert Hunt, a Justice of the Peace active from the 1650s against witches in Somerset ( where Glanvill had his living at Frome ); the 1668 version A Blow at Modern Sadducism promoted the view that the judicial procedures such as Hunt's court offered should be taken as adequate tests of evidence, because to argue otherwise was to undermine society at its legal roots.

Modern Western legal systems usually state as their goal the reform or re-education of a convicted criminal.

Modern studies of the actual documents of the Spanish Inquisition show that it was no more cruel and bloodthirsty than other legal systems of the time.

Modern law has generally left the legal lien to cases where it has been historically established without any real effort being made to make it applicable to modern conditions.

Modern biblical criticism has posited that Zipporah and the Cushite were different individuals, particularly since bigamy was legal, and practiced by, for example, Jacob.

Modern copyright law has been influenced by an array of older legal rights that have been recognized throughout history, including the moral rights of the author who created a work, the economic rights of a benefactor who paid to have a copy made, the property rights of the individual owner of a copy, and a sovereign's right to censor and to regulate the printing industry.

The Modern Political and Constitutional History Collection comprises some 300, 000 items related to Japan's political and legal modernization in the 19th century, including the original document archives of important Japanese statesmen from the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century like Itō Hirobumi, Iwakura Tomomi, Sanjō Sanetomi, Mutsu Munemitsu, Terauchi Masatake, and other influential figures from the Meiji ( 1868 – 1912 ) and Taishō ( 1912 – 1926 ) Periods.

In the following year, Anders was involved in a legal battle which he had brought against his Modern Talking partner, Dieter Bohlen.

Kadirgamar was the author of a number of scholarly articles published in international legal journals such as the Modern Law Review, South African Law Journal and Conveyancer and Property Lawyer.

Shorter pieces of parchment or paper are called rolls, which may still be many meters or feet long, were used in the medieval and Early Modern period in Europe and various West Asian cultures for manuscript administrative documents intended for various uses, including accounting, rent-rolls, legal agreements, and inventories.

Law in Modern Society explored the origins of law in the modern West and argued that there is no relation between legal, political, and economic arrangements, as is often assumed.

David L. Smith, born in London on 3 December 1963, is a noted historian of the Early Modern period of British history, particularly political, constitutional, legal and religious history in the Stuart period.

Modern legal texts regard it as " a recognized, if not controlling, rule of decision ", but one commentator has called it " a minority rule of dubious heritage that was misunderstood and misapplied in a few states between 1904 and 1948 ".

Modern legal codes use the term peace officer ( or in some jurisdictions, law enforcement officer ) to include every person vested by the legislating state with law-enforcement authority – traditionally, anyone " sworn, badged, and armable " who can arrest, or refer such arrest for a criminal prosecution.

* A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories ( 1859 ), in which he applied rules of legal evidence to modern sceptical theories

* Bryan Garner ’ s Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage ( Oxford University Press ) is regarded as an authoritative guide to legal language, and is aimed at the practicing lawyer.

Modern theories give weight to intuition, perceptually observed properties, comparisons of categories among persons, and the direction of investigation towards known specified ends, to determine what humanity in its present state of being needs to consider irreducible.

Modern historians consider this highly implausible however, noting that malicious rumours such as those concerning Domitia's alleged infidelity were eagerly repeated by post-Domitianic authors, and used to highlight the hypocrisy of a ruler publicly preaching a return to Augustan morals, while privately indulging in excesses and presiding over a corrupt court.

Modern scholars consider many claimed noble ancestries to be fabrications, such as the Anglo-Saxon chronicles that traced the ancestry of several English kings to the god Woden.

Modern editors generally follow this traditional division, but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example, after Hamlet drags Polonius's body out of Gertrude's bedchamber, there is an act-break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted.

Modern historians believe that it is decidedly erroneous to consider the middot as traditional from the time of Moses on Sinai.

While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some within the Orthodox community groups to its right consider it of questionable validity.

Some Modern Orthodox Jews are also somewhat more willing to consider revisiting questions of Jewish law through Talmudic arguments.

#* Modern Unitarians consider Jefferson's views to be very close to theirs.

Modern historians consider him the last King whose life account is part of Greek mythology.

Modern scholars consider this one of the earliest, and most deadly, biological attacks in world history, though in the end the Mongols were forced to retreat .< ref >

Modern systematic theories reject such conceptions of " primitive " and " highly developed " organisms and instead consider exclusively the historical relationships between the taxa.

Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of " sober second thought " to consider legislation passed by a lower house, whose members are usually elected.

Modern historians consider him the last King whose life account is part of Greek mythology.

Haredi Jews consider their belief system and religious practices to extend in an unbroken chain back to Moses and the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai, and they regard non-Orthodox, and to an extent Modern Orthodox, streams of Judaism to be deviations from authentic Judaism.

" Modern scholars generally consider only one of the attributed epigrams to be unquestionably authentic ( an inscription for the seer Megistius quoted by Herodotus ), which places in doubt even some of the most famous examples, such as the one to the Spartans at Thermopylae, quoted in the introduction.

Modern scholars consider the resemblance between the names Esus and Jesus to be coincidental.

Modern application of climbing grades, especially on climbs at the upper end of the scale (> 5. 10 ) also consider how sustained or strenuous a climb is, in addition to the difficulty of the single hardest move.

Modern historians have discounted this, as the list also includes benefactors, not just students ; other evidence points to the fact that Walter had a poor grasp of Latin, and did not consider himself to be a learned man.

Modern historians consider it unlikely that Sejanus plotted to seize the imperial power for himself and, if he had planned so at all, rather might have aimed at overthrowing Tiberius to serve as a regent to Tiberius Gemellus, son of Drusus, or possibly even Gaius Caligula.

The Theognidea might in fact be a collection of elegiac poems by different authors ( see Modern scholarship below ) and the " life " that emerges from them depends on which poems editors consider authentic.

Modern texts include the axiom 0 ≠ 1 to avoid having to consider the trivial ring or a " field with one element ", where the multiplicative identity coincides with the additive identity.

Modern scientists now consider physiognomy a form of pseudoscience.

However, the development and great expansion of Modern Chinese poetry is something to consider, beginning at this point, or shortly after.