* * Yates, Robin D. S. “ The Mohists on Warfare: Technology, Technique, and Justification ,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 47, mo.

State policy has influenced the funding of public works and science for thousands of years, dating at least from the time of the Mohists, who inspired the study of logic during the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought, and the study of defensive fortifications during the Warring States Period in China.

In addition to creating a school of philosophy, the Mohists formed a highly structured political organization that tried to realize the ideas they preached.

Mohists believed in heaven as a divine force ( 天 Tian ), the celestial bureaucracy and spirits which knew about the immoral acts of man and punished them, encouraging moral righteousness.

Using historical records, Mohists argued that the spirits of innocent men wrongfully murdered had appeared before to enact their vengeance.

The Mohists polemicized against elaborate funeral ceremonies and other wasteful rituals, and called for austerity in life and in governance.

On occasion the knowledge that Mohists were helping to prepare a city's defences was enough to dissuade attack.

The Mohists beliefs were outside the mainstream of Chinese thought and culture, however because of their utility as siege engineers they were tolerated and employed for their skills.

* A Step into the Past-2001 television series in which a time travelling protagnist is initially mistaken for a Mohist because of his 20th Century ethics, and throughout the series he is given aid by hidden Mohists.

The philosophically-pacifist Mohists ( followers of the philosopher Mozi ) of the 5th century BC believed in aiding the defensive warfare of smaller Chinese states against the hostile offensive warfare of larger domineering states.

The Mohists were renowned in the smaller states ( and the enemies of the larger states ) for the inventions of siege machinery to scale or destroy walls.

Zhuangzi, reacting to the Confucian-Mohist ethical disputes in his " history of thought ", casts Laozi as a prior step to the Mohists by name and the Confucians by implication.

Along with experimenting with the pinhole camera and the burning mirror of the ancient Mohists, the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 CE ) Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) experimented with camera obscura and was the first to establish geometrical and quantitative attributes for it.

:: But Chuang was an admirable writer and skillful composer, and by his instances and truthful descriptions hit and exposed the Mohists and Literati.

It should be stressed that only the Ru, or Confucians and the Mohists were actual organized schools of teachers and disciples during this period.

Shen Kuo experimented with the pinhole camera and burning mirror as the ancient Chinese Mohists had done in the 4th century BC.

A wide range of Pseudo-Albertine works dealing with alchemy exist, though, showing the belief developed in the generations following Albert's death that he had mastered alchemy, one of the fundamental sciences of the Middle Ages.

Conversely, modern biological sciences ( including even concepts such as molecular ecology ) are intimately entwined and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.

The Text Encoding Initiative ( TEI ) has published extensive guidelines for how to encode texts of interest in the humanities and social sciences, developed through years of international cooperative work.

At an early age, he developed an interest in the exact sciences and philosophy.

Weber's methodology was developed in the context of a wider debate about methodology of social sciences, the Methodenstreit.

All sciences would have qualified as protosciences before the Age of Enlightenment, since the scientific method still hadn't been developed, and there was no structured way to prove legitimacy.

He developed this conception further in several books, The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception ( 1886 ) and Goethe's Conception of the World ( 1897 ), particularly emphasizing the transformation in Goethe's approach from the physical sciences, where experiment played the primary role, to plant biology, where imagination was required to find the biological archetypes ( Urpflanze ), and postulated that Goethe had sought but been unable to fully find the further transformation in scientific thinking necessary to properly interpret and understand the animal kingdom.

The social sciences developed from the sciences ( experimental and applied ), or the systematic knowledge-bases or prescriptive practices, relating to the social improvement of a.

* Cognitive semiotics is the study of meaning-making by employing and integrating methods and theories developed in the cognitive sciences.

The early part of the 18th century was still characterized by the combination of Lutheran orthodoxy and classical philology of the previous century, but eventually a larger emphasis on sciences and practically useful knowledge developed.

In 1759, following a donation, another chair in economy was established, the Borgströmian professorship in " practical economy ", by which was meant the practical application of the natural sciences for economic purposes ( it eventually developed into a chair for physiological botany ).

American Psychological Association ( APA ) Style is a set of rules developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences.

However, one of the essential ingredients in ensuring that the life sciences continue to generate great benefits and do not become subject to misuse for hostile purposes is a process of engagement between scientists and the security community and the development of strong ethical and normative frameworks to compliment legal and regulatory measures that are being developed by states.

While the first Foundation has developed the physical sciences, the Second Foundation has been developing the mental sciences.

* Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Egypt from 285 BC, second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who has extended his power by skilful diplomacy, developed agriculture and commerce, and made Alexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences ( b. 308 BC )

A leader in basic sciences research and teaching, the university has successfully developed applied sciences research and teaching as well.

Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health care professions.

Strongly influenced by the Utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French Revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences.

" By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics ( astronomy, earth science and chemistry ) and organic physics ( biology and, for the first time, physique sociale, later renamed sociologie ).

Whilst maintaining its strengths in the traditional subjects ( for example more students studying languages and physical sciences than anywhere else in the UK ), Leeds has also developed expertise in more distinctive and rare specialist areas such as Colour Chemistry, Fire Science, Nanotechnology and Aviation Technology with Pilot studies.

At the end of the 17th century, two influential military engineers, the French Marshal Vauban and the Dutch military engineer Menno van Coehoorn, developed modern fortification to its pinnacle, refining siege warfare without fundamentally altering it: ditches would be dug ; walls would be protected by glacis ; and bastions would enfilade an attacker.

Often referred to as " The Rock ," the small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison ( 1868 ), and a federal prison from 1933 until 1963.

The technique was used when the fortification was not built on solid rock, and was developed as a response to stone built castles that could not be burned like earlier-style wooden forts.

In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation.

The cannon type was developed from a 75 mm trench mortar or petard and had been adapted to fire from a fixed fortification position by adding a recoil compensator and a gun shield ; in this configuration it weighed 210 kilogrammes.

A curvilinear form of fortification was developed which consisted of squat artillery towers surrounded by round bastions to provide platforms for artillery.

This and the unusual design of the inner bailey's curtain wall meant that castle was advanced for its age, since it was built before concentric fortification was fully developed in Crusader castles such as Krak des Chevaliers.

As Earth's last chance, a top-secret mobile unit developed a very advanced space fighter in Earth's last fortification.

The design of Beijing's fortifications borrowed elements from the Wujing Zongyao of the Northern Song dynasty ( 960 – 1127 ) and the already highly developed fortification construction expertise of the Southern Song ( 1127 – 1279 ).