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Molecular and clock
Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.
Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest echidnas split from platypuses 19 – 48 million years ago.
* Molecular clock
Molecular clock users have developed workaround solutions using a number of statistical approaches including maximum likelihood techniques and later Bayesian modeling.
* Molecular clock explanation of the molecular equidistance phenomenon
simple: Molecular clock
# REDIRECT Molecular clock
Molecular clock analyses suggest that P. falciparum is as old as the human line ; the two species diverged at the same time as humans and chimpanzees.
* Molecular clock hypothesis
Molecular clock analyses suggest that the ancestor of the nesomyines colonized Madagascar about 20-25 million years ago.

Molecular and calculations
Molecular and atomic calculations also flourished in the hands of Fernando J. Corbató, Lee Allen and Alvin Meckler.
The Quantized Valence Bonds ' Molecular Mechanics ( QVBMM ) force field ( implemented in Exorga, Incorporated's StruMM3D product, once named STR3DI32 ) is unique in molecular mechanics as the only one to directly use all lone pair interactions in all of its energy calculations.
The result which emerged from these calculations in 1962 ,-now commonly known as the Ramachandran plot-was published in the Journal of Molecular Biology in 1963 and has become an essential tool in the field of protein conformation.
Theoretical calculations deemed this task impossible, but in a seminal paper in 1984, the group led by Jacques Dubochet at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory showed images of adenovirus embedded in a vitrified layer of water.

Molecular and origin
Molecular data implies a North American origin of living Canidae and an African origin of wolf-like canines ( Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon ).
Molecular clocks have been used to suggest an origin in the Pacific in the Paleocene.
The African warbler genus Hyliota as a lost lineage in the Oscine songbird tree: Molecular support for an African origin of the Passerida.
Molecular insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider genus Theridion ( Araneae, Theridiidae ) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna.
; Voelker, G. & Pasquet, E. ( 2006 ): The African warbler genus Hyliota as a lost lineage in the Oscine songbird tree: Molecular support for an African origin of the Passerida.
* Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias & Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae ( Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae ) ( 2010 ): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis.
Molecular evolution and the origin of life ( Rev.
Molecular analyses of phytochrome and phytochrome-like genes in higher plants ( ferns, mosses, algae ) and photosynthetic bacteria have shown that phytochromes evolved from prokaryotic photoreceptors that predated the origin of plants.

Molecular and group
She is the head of a research group, which is located in the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and working on a wide range of biological disciplines encompassing molecular biology, biochemistry, cellular immunology and intracellular neurophysiology.
Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbitals, which are allowed if the symmetries ( determined from group theory ) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.
* Chemistry: Molecular theory — Kinetic theory of gases — Molecular orbital theory — Valence bond theory — Transition state theory — RRKM theory — Chemical graph theory — Flory-Huggins solution theory — Marcus theory — Lewis theory ( successor to Brønsted – Lowry acid – base theory ) — HSAB theory — Debye – Hückel theory — Thermodynamic theory of polymer elasticity — Reptation theory — Polymer field theory — Møller – Plesset perturbation theory — Density Functional Theory — Frontier molecular orbital theory — Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory — Baeyer strain theory — Quantum theory of atoms in molecules — Collision theory — Ligand field theory ( successor to Crystal field theory ) — Variational Transition State Theory — Benson group increment theory — Specific ion interaction theory
Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.
Molecular evidence suggests that the Shoebill and the Hamerkop form a sister group to the pelicans, though there is some doubt as to the exact relationship between the three lineages.
Molecular phylogenetics reveals that they form a polyphyletic group and could see a split into several new phyla.
* Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G. P. ( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).
* Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G. P. ( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).
( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).
Molecular phylogenies of extant gymnosperms have conflicted with morphological characters with regard to whether the gymnosperms as a whole ( including gnetophytes ) comprise a monophyletic group or a paraphyletic one that gave rise to angiosperms.
* ( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).
Molecular phylogenetic studies confirmed the suspicions of many that this group was misplaced, and consequently, the family Themidaceae was resurrected in 1996.
This group belongs to the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex and is about 1, 600 light years distant from Earth.
* The male model featured in a newspaper advertisement promoting the Food Science course published in 2005 was a student of module group MB0403 from the Molecular Biotechnology course.
NWChem has been developed by the Molecular Sciences Software group of the Theory, Modeling & Simulation program of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory ( EMSL ) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ( PNNL ).
Molecular data suggests that the scaphopods are a sister group to the cephalopods, although higher-level molluscan phylogeny remains somewhat unresolved.
Then, from 1979 to 1984 she was a group leader with Heinz-Günter Wittmann at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin.
* 1959 Edmund Langley Hirst, Molecular structure in the polysaccharide group.
Molecular phylogenies include them in the class Flabellinea as a sister group to the others, which have subpseudopodia.
* Errami A, Smider V, Rathmell WK, et al., " Ku86 defines the genetic defect and restores X-ray resistance and V ( D ) J recombination to complementation group 5 hamster cell mutants " Molecular And Cellular Biology 16 ( 4 ): 1519-1526 Apr 1996 Times Cited: 112

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