Molecular clouds, and especially " giant " molecular clouds ( GMCs ), are often the home of astronomical masers.

It began in the 1948 paper, " On the Problem of the Molecular Theory of Superconductivity " where Fritz London proposed that the phenomenological London equations may be consequences of the coherence of a quantum state.

Molecular evidence suggests that the Phycodnaviridae may have evolved from the family Iridoviridae.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Drexler argues that we may need to wait until our conventional nanotechnology improves before solving these issues: " Molecular manufacturing will result from a series of advances in molecular machine systems, much as the first Moon landing resulted from a series of advances in liquid-fuel rocket systems.

Molecular excitons may even be entirely located on the same molecule, as in fullerenes.

Molecular excitons have several interesting properties, one of which is energy transfer ( see Förster resonance energy transfer ) whereby if a molecular exciton has proper energetic matching to a second molecule's spectral absorbance, then an exciton may transfer ( hop ) from one molecule to another.

Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons, whilst molecular models are typically concerned with Molecular Hydrogen and it's Molecular hydrogen ion.

* Molecular Mimicry-An exogenous antigen may share structural similarities with certain host antigens ; thus, any antibody produced against this antigen ( which mimics the self-antigens ) can also, in theory, bind to the host antigens, and amplify the immune response.

Molecular evidence, that is, a specific pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile, suggests that the distinct genotype of El Tor strain which appeared in Calcutta in 1993, may have spread to the African subcontinent.

Sometimes divisions may be finer: for example, Harvard University has separate departments of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology.

Molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics are most often used to predict the conformation of the small molecule and to model conformational changes in the biological target that may occur when the small molecule binds to it.

Molecular mechanics methods may also be used to provide semi-quantitative prediction of the binding affinity.

* Molecular shuttle power: Smart dust biosensors may be smaller than a grain of sand but they have big potential-an Instant Insight from the Royal Society of Chemistry

This may include treating atoms as the smallest individual unit ( the Molecular mechanics approach ), or explicitly modeling electrons of each atom ( the quantum chemistry approach ).

Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11. 7 million years ago.

Molecular diagnostics may make this differentiation obsolete in the future.

Molecular phylogenetic studies show that, as an ancient species in the order Carnivora, the Red Panda is relatively close to the American Raccoon and may be either a monotypic family or a subfamily within the procynonid family.

Molecular genetic studies of the HPRT gene mutations may confirm diagnosis, and are particularly helpful for subsequent ' carrier testing ' in at-risk females such as close family relatives on the female side.

High Number-Average Molecular Weight Polymers may be obtained only with a high fractional monomer conversion in the case of step-growth polymerization, as per the Carothers ' equation.

Molecular phylogenetics suggests that the family as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, and may lead to the resurrection of a family Acanthephyridae for all genera except Oplophorus, Systellaspis and Janicella.

Molecular docking may be defined as an optimization problem, which would describe the “ best-fit ” orientation of a ligand that binds to a particular protein of interest.

Molecular ions are accelerated to high kinetic energy and then collide with neutral gas molecules ( e. g. helium, nitrogen or argon ).

Molecular absorption, in contrast, is much broader, so that it is more likely that some molecular absorption band will overlap with an atomic line.

" Molecular biologists, using phylogenetics, can compare protein amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology ( i. e., similarity ) to infer taxonomy and evolutionary distances among organisms, but with limited statistical confidence.

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics deals with the laws governing their structure and properties.

Molecular spectroscopy deals with the response ( spectrum ) of molecules interacting with probing signals of known energy ( or frequency, according to Planck's formula ).

Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbitals, which are allowed if the symmetries ( determined from group theory ) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.

* The primary technical reference work on this topic is Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, an in-depth, physics-based analysis of a particular class of potential nanomachines and molecular manufacturing systems, with extensive analyses of their feasibility and performance.

Nanosystems is closely based on Drexler's MIT doctoral dissertation, " Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation ".

of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( India ) concluded that the " lower caste groups might have originated with the hierarchical divisions that arose within the tribal groups with the spread of Neolithic agriculturalists, much earlier than the arrival of Aryan speakers ", and " the Indo-Europeans established themselves as upper castes among this already developed caste-like class structure within the tribes.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

* 1967-Co-founded ( with 4 others ) the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science

In October 1947, he was made head of the newly constituted Medical Research Council Unit for Molecular Biology, with J. C. Kendrew representing its entire staff.

Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a " crossover " discipline.

The European Molecular Biology Laboratory EMBL made use of the possibilities that arose with the new technology and in 1972 established a permanent branch at DESY with the aim of analyzing the structure of biological molecules by means of synchrotron radiation.

Molecular data suggest that there are four clades within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

* Ascalaph Molecular dynamics with fourth order symplectic integrator.

Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbitals or hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms.

* Molecular Mechanism for Stripes in Zebras-and explains the different number of stripes for each type of Zebra.

Molecular systematic studies have suggested that these families are not closely related to each other and the APG II system ( 2003 ) assigns them to several different orders: Hamamelidaceae and Cercidiphyllaceae to Saxifragales, Eupteleaceae to Ranunculales, Platanaceae to Proteales, and Myrothamnaceae to Gunnerales.

Molecular masses are calculated from the relative atomic masses of each nuclide, while molar masses are calculated from the atomic weights of each element.

Molecular studies seem to confirm that the Kagu and Sunbittern are each other's closest living relatives.

< em > Molecular Ecology </ em >, < strong > 16 </ strong >, 75 – 87 .</ ref > For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other.

Molecular data show that although these three genera are related to each other, they do not belong in the subfamily Acalyphoideae of the Euphorbiaceae, and therefore they are generally now classified in the family Pandaceae.

Molecular analysis has shown that it and the closely related Chatham Albatross ( also considered to be a subspecies of the Shy Albatross ) are actually sister taxon to each other, and more distantly related to the Shy.