* Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.

Molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, plant populations, and communities of plants are all aspects of plant life that are studied.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

* Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants

* Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation A genetic study of gay brothers at Northwestern University.

Molecular studies of these viruses can now be achieved using genetic approaches to mutate the BAC while it resides in bacteria.

Molecular genetics study suggests that surviving Amerindian populations derived from a theoretical single founding population, possibly from only 50 to 70 genetic contributors Preliminary research, restricted to only 9 genomic regions ( or loci ) have shown a genetic link between original Americas and Asia populations.

Molecular genetic studies revealed, that the traditional classification, based on morphological and anatomical characters, often did not reflect the phylogenetical relationships.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

Molecular genetic analyses strongly suggest that Pacific cod and Greenland cod ( Gadus ogac ) from Greenland – the Arctic ocean are the same species ; G. ogac is then a junior synonym of G. macrocephalus.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.

Molecular genetic studies have defined at least two loci for TSC.

Molecular genetic and genomic approaches have led to the recognition that the kinesins form a diverse superfamily of motors that are responsible for multiple intracellular motility events in eukaryotic cells.

Molecular evidence indicates that Archaezoa have the genetic marker of mitochondria in their nucleus that suggests the had and then lost mitochondria.

Molecular genetic studies of the HPRT gene mutations may confirm diagnosis, and are particularly helpful for subsequent ' carrier testing ' in at-risk females such as close family relatives on the female side.

Molecular genetic testing is the most effective method of testing, as HPRT1 is the only gene known to be associated with LNS.

Molecular genetic testing for this mutation is available clinically.

Molecular genetic variation across the eastern and southern geographic range of the African lion, Panthera leo.

Molecular genetic testing of the NEMO IKBKG gene ( chromosomal locus Xq28 ) reveals disease-causing mutations in about 80 % of probands.

Computer software for performing likelihood tests of pedigree relationship using genetic markers Molecular Ecology 8: 1231-1234.

Molecular and genetic approaches to understanding cell biology uncovered entirely new signalling networks that regulate cellular activities such as proliferation and survival.

Molecular phylogeny, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing ( testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn ) is continuing on the Conidae.

Molecular analysis of CPOX is the best way to identify these patients, as they will not express a biochemical phenotype on laboratory testing unless they are symptomatic.

Molecular ( DNA ) testing for PAX6 gene mutations ( by sequencing of the entire coding region and deletion / duplication analysis ) is available for isolated aniridia and the Gillespie syndrome.

Molecular DNA testing for the mutation that is common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is also available.

Molecular testing for DNA deletions or mutations is also offered, and can be particularly useful in the evaluation of individuals with associated medical conditions ( see below ).

Molecular biology techniques can help drive breeding programs by directing selection of superior animals.

; CEPHALOSPORINASE, Molecular Class C ( not inhibited by clavulanic acid )

; GROUP 2br: INHIBITOR-RESISTANT, Molecular Class A ( diminished inhibition by clavulanic acid )

; METALLOENZYME, Molecular Class B ( not inhibited by clavulanic acid )

* Cell and Molecular Biology by Karp 5th Ed., ISBN 0-471-46580-1

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.

The theory has been presented in 2005 by Marc W. Kirschner, a professor and chair of Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, and John C. Gerhart, a professor in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.

Molecular oxygen ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >) directly oxidizes many compounds to produce useful products in an organism, such as antibiotics, etc., in reactions catalyzed by oxygenases.

* In 1962, the first major English language publication on the subject " Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals ", by Dr. George W. Gray.

* Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals a journal by Taylor and Francis

* Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals a journal by Taylor & Francis

Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbitals or hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms.

Molecular orbitals were first introduced by Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken in 1927 and 1928.

Molecular nanotechnology ( MNT ) is a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis.

Similar ideas are advocated in the Foresight Guidelines on Molecular Nanotechnology, and a map of the 137-dimensional replicator design space recently published by Freitas and Merkle provides numerous proposed methods by which replicators could, in principle, be safely controlled by good design.

Molecular surgical tools, guided by molecular computers and injected into the blood stream could find and destroy cancer cells or invading bacteria, unclog arteries, or provide oxygen when the circulation is impaired.

* Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance Edited by BC Crandall ( ISBN 0-262-53137-2 ) offers interesting ideas for MNT applications.

Molecular hydrogen is difficult to detect by infrared and radio observations, so the molecule most often used to determine the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > is CO ( carbon monoxide ).

GMCs are so large that " local " ones can cover a significant fraction of a constellation ; thus they are often referred to by the name of that constellation, e. g. the Orion Molecular Cloud ( OMC ) or the Taurus Molecular Cloud ( TMC ).

* An Overview of the First Half-Century of Molecular Electronics by Noel S. Hush, Ann.