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Mongols and Mongolian
A Mongols | Mongolian yurt | ger near the Gurvan Saikhan Uul | Gurvan Saikhan Mountains ( in the background ); part of Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park
He cited specific examples, such as the Tibetans under the British, the Manchus under the Japanese, the Mongols under the Outer Mongolian People's Republic, and the Uyghurs of Xinjiang under the Soviet Union.
Mongolian folds of the eyelids exist on almost all Mongols along with relatively high and pronounced cheekbones.
The Mongolian spot which is common among Mongols, is looked upon proudly as a distinguishing feature of the ethnic group.
Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.
In Central Asia, The Secret History of Mongols is regarded as the single significant native Mongolian account of Genghis Khan.
Mongols in Inner Mongolia and other parts of China, on the other hand, continue to use alphabets based on the traditional Mongolian script.
From 2008, Mongolian Neo-Nazi groups have defaced buildings in Ulan Bator, smashed Chinese shopkeepers ' windows, and killed pro-Chinese Mongols.
By contrast the Solons and the Khamnigans ( Ewenkis of Transbaikalia ) had picked up horse breeding and the Mongolian deel from the Mongols.
" Mongolia located in the north ( of the Gobi )") is sometimes used in Mongolian ( or Chinese ) language to refer to Outer Mongolia when making a distinction with Inner Mongolia, so as to elide the history of Qing rule and rather imply a geographic unity or distinction of regions inhabited by Mongols in the Mongolian Plateau.
In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu became a leader of an army that conquered China, ending the Yuan Dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Mongolian steppes.
The broader delimitation of Mongolian may be based on mutual intelligibility, but an analysis based on a tree diagram such as the one above faces other problems due to the close contacts between e. g. Buryat and Khalkha Mongols during history thus creating or preserving a dialect continuum.
Baber in his memoirs has sometimes written that they are Mongols and Mongolian words are in their language ; and at another place he ( Baber ) calls them Hazara Turkomans, Turkish words are also found in their language.
The Chahar became a tümen of six tümen Mongols under Dayan Khan and were led by his successors, thus becoming personal appanage of the Mongolian Khans.
According to an ancient Mongolian source, the Mongols were again peaceful thereafter thanks to the policy of Dayan Khan and his khatun Maudukhai.
* The Mongolian language as the most important language spoken by Mongols ( i. e. people from Mongolic peoples )
The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolian language is The Secret History of the Mongols, which was written for the royal family sometime after Genghis Khan's death in 1227.
In 1935, Demchugdongrub, now the leader of the Mongols of Inner Mongolia, made serious efforts to set up an autonomous Mongolian Government in Chahar and Suiyuan.
The Fifth Dalai Lama had encouraged Mongolian lamas to prevent any non-dGe-lugs-pa teaching among the Mongols.
He cited specific examples, such as the Tibetans under the British, the Manchus under the Japanese, the Mongols under the Outer Mongolian People's Republic, and the Uyghurs of Xinjiang under the Soviet Union.
Attempts to include Inner Mongolia into the new state failed for various reasons, including the military weakness of the Inner Mongols to achieve their independence, the lack of Russian assistance to them ( Russia was bound in Inner Mongolian affairs by secret treaties with Japan ), and the lack of support from a part Inner Mongolian nobles and the higher clergy.
That the Mongols referred to Western Xia as " Tangut " to represent the founding ethnic group, the Tuyühu Xianbei, is consistent with the theories of the Mongol origins postulated by the Outer Mongolian scholars, who have held that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu, more specifically the eastern Xiongnu who spoke proto-Mongolic language, as opposed to the western Xiongnu who spoke proto-Turkish language.

Mongols and ),
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is otherwise found mainly among Nivkhs, and with lower frequency among Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols ( including Kalmyks and Buryats ), Chinese, Japanese, Central Asians, South Siberian Turkic peoples ( e. g. Tuvans, Todjins, Soyots ), Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, and Malaysians.
He found Christian prisoners from Germany in the heart of " Tartary " ( at Talas ), and was compelled to observe the ceremony of passing between two fires, as a bringer of gifts to a dead Khan, gifts which were of course treated by the Mongols as evidence of submission.
After the success of " Dağlar Dağlar ", Manço recorded a couple of singles with Moğollar ( The Mongols ), another influential Turkish Anatolian rock band.
Sultan Qutuz of Egypt eventually defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut ( near Ein Harod ) and his successor ( and assassin ), Baibars, eliminated the last Crusader Kingdom of Acre in 1291, thereby ending the Crusades.
During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.
They also saw an elite convert to Judaism ( the Khazars ), only to disappear as the centers of power in the lands once occupied by that elite fell to the people of Rus and then the Mongols.
* 1215 – Zhongdu ( now Beijing ), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols ( the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats ), and the Oirats.
Three prominent proto-Mongol groups split from the Xianbei, as recorded by the Chinese histories: the Nirun ( claimed by some to be the Avars ), the Khitan and the Shiwei ( a sub-tribe called the " Shiwei Menggu " is held to be the origin of the Genghisid Mongols ).
With the breakup of the Empire, the dispersed Mongols quickly adopted the mostly Turkic cultures surrounding them and were assimilated, forming parts of Tatars ( not confused with a tribe in ancient Mongolia ), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Yugurs and Moghuls ; linguistic and cultural Persianization also began to be prominent in these territories.
Mongols were also exposed to Zoroastrianism ( Qormusta Tengri is still worshipped ), Manicheism, Nestorianism, Islam and Catholicism from the west.
Indigenous moral precepts of the Mongols were enshrined in oral wisdom sayings ( now collected in several volumes ), the anda ( blood-brother ) system and ancient texts such as the Chinggis-un Bilig ( Wisdom of Genghis ) and Oyun Tulkhuur ( Key of Intelligence ).
The Mongol leader Abaqa Khan sent a delegation of 13-16 Mongols to the Second Council of Lyon ( 1274 ), which created a great stir, particularly when their leader ' Zaganus ' underwent a public baptism.
The Tumed, Chahar, Ordos, Bargut ( or Barga ), Altai Uriankhai, Buryats, Dörböd ( Dörvöd, Dörbed ), Torguud, Dariganga, Üzemchin ( or Üzümchin ), Bayid, Khoton, Myangad ( Mingad ), Eljigin ( Eljigin ), Zakhchin ( Zakchin ), Darkhad, and Oirats ( or Öölds or Ölöts ) are all counted as tribes of the Mongols.
He worked with several bands: Meteorlar ( Meteors ) ( 1966-1967 ), Silüetler ( Shadows ) ( 1967 ), Moğollar ( Mongols ) ( 1967-1972 ), Barış Manço and Kurtalan Ekspres ( Express ) ( 1973-1974 ), Edip Akbayram and Dostlar ( Friends ) ( 1974 ) and Cem Karaca and Dervişan ( Dervishes ) ( 1975-1976 ).

Mongols and are
Xiongnu, Tujue, Avars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Don Cossacks and the various Turkic peoples are also examples of the horse-mounted groups that managed to gain substantial successes in military conflicts with settled agrarian and urban societies, due to their strategic and tactical mobility.
Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan.
Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture.
There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
Present-day Khalkha Mongols and Inner Mongolians are the most prominent of the remaining Eastern Mongols while the Kalmyks ( formerly Oirats ) in Europe are the main descendants of the Western Mongols.
Today, a sizable proportion of Mongols are atheist or agnostic.
Mongols are predominantly Tungid with Nordsinid and Turanid features observable occasionally.
The Tuva and the Altay people are culturally close to Mongols, but speak Turkic languages.
The first recorded inhabitants of the area are some 50, 000 people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols in 1277, during the Southern Song Dynasty.
In Jûzjânî, there are several episodes in which the Mongols constructed hundreds of siege machines in order to surpass the number which the defending city possessed.
When said biases are accounted, the original hypothesis — an ordering in skull volume ranging from Blacks to Mongols to Whites — is unsupported by the data.
These include the Loplik people and the Dolan people, who are thought to be closer to the Oirat Mongols and the Kyrgyz.
* The Mongols first invade the Abbasid Caliphate ; Bukhara and Samarkand are taken.
* 1260 – September 3 – The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking the first decisive defeat of the Mongols and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
* November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ( 30, 000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea ); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.
* Only 4 of 58 districts in Sichuan, China, are captured from the Southern Song by the Mongols under Ögedei.
Via contacts with Turkic peoples like the Uyghurs, this Sogdian name came to the Mongols, who still name this deity Qormusta Tengri ; Qormusta ( or Qormusda ) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.

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