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Mongols and simultaneously
Thus, Kublai Khan was simultaneously Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of China.

Mongols and became
After the fall of Liao Dynasty in 1125, the Mongols became a leading tribe on the steppe and also had power in Northern China.
In the 1576 the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongols.
Many Buryat Mongols also became Christians due to the Russian expansion.
Rocket technology first became known to Europeans following its use by the Mongols Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan when they conquered parts of Russia, Eastern, and Central Europe.
After Mongols, the city became the Genoese colony of Cerco ( Cherkio ) in 1318 and served as a sea harbour, townspeople worked at salt-works and fishery.
The crusaders captured it from the Seljuks in the 12th century, but Saladin retook it ( 1175 ), and later it became the headquarters of Hulagu and his Mongols, who completed its ruin.
The westernmost lands occupied by the Mongols, which included southern Russia and Kazakhstan, were given to Jochi's eldest sons: Batu, who eventually became the ruler of the Blue Horde ; and Orda, who became the leader of the White Horde.
It was hotly contested between the Polish rulers ( kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia ) and Kievan Rus princes, laid waste by the Mongols in 1241 ( see: Mongol invasion of Europe ), and was not rebuilt until 1275, later it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,.
In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu became a leader of an army that conquered China, ending the Yuan Dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Mongolian steppes.
After 1189, the Jin became involved in exhausting wars on two fronts: against the Mongols and the Southern Song dynasty.
Architectural activity intensified as the Mongols became sedentary, and retained traces of their nomadic origins, such as the north-south orientation of the buildings.
Similarly the Ilkhanate Mongols ( one main tribe of the ancestors of Hazara ) rulers became so involved with Persian that after Iskan Khan, when the Mongols went to the mountains of present Hazarajat they took the language of Persia with them along with Shi ' a Islam.
As hinted above, the title Khan was also common in some of the polities of the various – generally Islamic – peoples in the territories of the Mongol Golden Horde and its successor states, which, like the Mongols in general, were commonly called Ta ( r ) tars by Europeans and Russians, and were all eventually subdued by Muscovia which became the Russian Empire.
The Chahar became a tümen of six tümen Mongols under Dayan Khan and were led by his successors, thus becoming personal appanage of the Mongolian Khans.
It was conquered in 1227 by the Mongols who sacked and destroyed the town, and the rebuilt town became part of China again when Kublai Khan conquered the rest of China.
Zanabazar was the son of the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj, ruler of central Khalkha Mongolia, and himself became the spiritual head of the Khalkha Mongols.
The Mongols retaliated by launching a massive artillery assault on the citadel and when it became apparent that an-Nasir Yusuf was unable to relieve the city with a newly assembled army, the garrison surrendered.
Kublai moved his headquarters to Dadu, the genesis for what later became the modern city of Beijing, although his establishment of a capital there was a controversial move to many Mongols who accused him of being too closely tied to Chinese culture.
About 1620 the Oirats or western Mongols became united in Dzungaria.
In 1688 Galdan defeated the Khalkhas or eastern Mongols, many of whom fled southeast to Inner Mongolia where they became and remained Manchu subjects.
With the invasions of the Mongols and the decline of imperial authority, Dazaifu became less politically significant.

Mongols and Persia
The Church of the East spread widely through Persia and into Asia, being introduced to India by the 6th century and to the Mongols and China in the 7th century.
The princess watches anxiously as first the glowering Prince of the Indies ( Noble Johnson ), then the obese Prince of Persia ( an uncredited Mathilde Comont ), and finally the Prince of the Mongols ( Sojin ) pass by the rose-tree.
It maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by Arabs in 8th century and by Mongols in the 13th century.
The plan was to coordinate actions between the Christian military orders, the King of Cyprus, the aristocracy of Cyprus, the forces of Cilician Armenia, and a new potential ally, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate ( Persia ), to oppose the Egyptian Mamluks and retake the coastal city of Tortosa in Syria.
Before Hulegu set forth toward Persia, the threat to the Muslim world posed by the swelling Mongol force was perceived by the Ismaili Imam ‘ Ala al-Din Muhammad, who in 1238 joined the Abbasid caliph, al-Mustansir, in appealing to the European monarchs of England and France to coalesce in a Christian-Muslim alliance against the Mongols.
He lost his power over Persia in a battle against the Mongols in the Alborz Mountains.
The Mongols under Genghis Khan and Hulagu also brought Chinese artillery specialists within their armies who specialized in mangonels, to Persia.
Süleyman reigned under the authority of the Ilkhanate, the Mongols of Persia, until the death of the ruler Abu Sa ' id.
Following the fall of the centralized power in Konya, many Beys joined forces with the atabegs ( former Seljuq leaders ) and other religious Muslim leaders and warriors from Persia and Turkistan fleeing the Mongols, invading the Byzantine empire where they established emirates.
To maintain control of their new territory, these reestablished emirs employed Ghazi warriors from Persia and Turkistan who also fled the Mongols.
After a police action in Persia and a raid into Georgia, the Mongols cut across the Caucasus Mountains during the winter to get around the Derbent Pass.
After Genghis Khan conquered Persia in the 13th century, great many of Mongols settled in Khorasan after depopulating its cities.
It was spread by the conquering Mongols to distant countries like Persia, Arabia, and Turkey.
The invasion of Persia by the Mongols in the thirteenth century led to a new emphasis on highly ornate structure in the garden.
From 840 to 916 the Kimak Kaganate dominated the heartland of Asia, controlled a key central portion of the Silk Road, and influenced events from China to Persia and Europe, on a par with the Scythians and Mongols.
In 1255, Mongols led by Hulagu Khan invaded parts of Persia, and in 1258 they captured Baghdad putting an end to the Abbasid caliphate.
In Persia and surrounding areas, the Mongols established a division of the Mongol Empire known as Ilkhanate.
In spite of his alleged military abilities, Trebizond became or remained a vassal to the Seljuk Turks and, after the Battle of Köse Dag in 1243, to the Mongols of Persia.
The Mongols established a system of postal-relay horse stations, similar to the system employed in ancient Persia for fast transfer of written messages.
In 1289, conflict with other Mongols ensued when a revolt was led against Arghun by Nawruz, a young noble of the Oirat clan, whose father had been governor of Persia before the arrival of Hulagu.
The territorial gains of the Mongols persisted into the 14th century in China ( Yuan Dynasty ), into the 15th century in Persia ( Timurid dynasty ) and in Russia ( Tatar and Mongol raids against Russian states ), and into the 19th century in India ( the Mughal Empire ).

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