He was among the emancipated slaves freed by Abu Bakr ( see Muhammad's views on slavery ) and was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers.

Although the proposal seemed to have been approved, the plans of the British were thwarted by the uprising of Dost Muhammad's son Muhammad Akbar Khan, who defeated and annihilated the British-Indian garrison at Gandamak on its retreat from Kabul in January 1842.

Following Muhammad's death in 632, the early leaders of the Muslim nation were called Khalifat Rasul Allah, the political successors to the messenger of God ( referring to Muhammad ).

The history of the Qur ' an began when its verses were revealed to the Sahabah during Muhammad's life.

Traditions of the life of Muhammad and the early history of Islam were passed down mostly orally for more than a hundred years after Muhammad's death in AD 632.

Ibn Taymiyya argued against the shirking of Sharia law, and against practices such as the celebration of Muhammad's birthday or the construction of mosques around the tombs of Sufi sheikhs, believing that these were unacceptable borrowings from Christianity: Many Muslims ' do not even know of the Christian origins of these practices.

Huston Smith ( 1991 ) describes an account in the Qur ' an of meetings in heaven between Moses and Muhammad, which Huston states were " one of the crucial events in Muhammad's life ," and resulted in Muslims observing 5 daily prayers.

Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy.

During the Battle of the Trench in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces.

For example, no symbols of Ramadan were evident in any scholarly literature of Muhammad's lifetime, yet in some places Ramadan is met with various decorations.

After Muhammad's death, the revelations were collected and organized into the Quran, and accounts of his life eventually formed the basis for the Sunnah.

Sharia continued to undergo fundamental changes, beginning with the reigns of caliphs Abu Bakr ( 632 – 34 ) and Umar ( 634 – 44 ), during which time many questions were brought to the attention of Muhammad's closest comrades for consultation.

Early Sunni scholars often considered sunnah equivalent to the biography of Mohammed ( sira ) as the hadith was then poorly validated while contemporary accounts of Muhammad's life were better known.

Although many of Ali Nasir Muhammad's followers were appointed to senior governmental positions ( including Vice President, Chief of Staff, and Governor of Aden ), Ali Nasir Muhammad himself remained abroad in Syria.

Eventually the Banu Aus and the Banu Khazraj became hostile to each other and by the time of Muhammad's Hijra ( emigration ) to Medina in 622 AD / 1 AH, they had been fighting for 120 years and were the sworn enemies of each other.

Al-Qurtubi ( al-Jāmi ' li ahkām al-Qur ' ān ) dismisses all these variants in favor of the explanation that once Sūra al-Najm was safely revealed the basic events of the incident ( or rumors of them ) " were now permitted to occur to identify those of his followers who would accept Muhammad's explanation of the blasphemous imposture " ( JSS 15, pp. 254 – 255 ).

He alleges that the Muslims had to establish the story of Muhammad's life on the same literary patterns as were used in the vitae of the other prophets ".

While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar ( helpers ), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out those companions known as Muhajirs ( The Emigrants ) including Umar.

LaRuffa survived the shooting, and his laptop computer was found in John Allen Muhammad's car when he and Malvo were arrested.

They decided to hastily restock Benicadell and retreat to Valencia via the coast, but were met at the Battle of Bairén by Muhammad's forces encamped on the high ground that reached almost to the sea.

On November 10, hours before Muhammad's scheduled execution, pleas for clemency made by his attorneys were denied by Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.

After Malcolm X's dismissal from the NOI, and hajj, an Arabic word meaning pilgrimage, to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, several " revolving ministers ," meaning ministers who took turns preaching until an official minister was secured at a particular temple, were used at Muhammad's Temple of Islam No. 7 in Harlem.

Two Jewish tribes were expelled and the last one, the Banu Qurayza, was wiped out after it threw itself on Muhammad's mercy.

Poliakov opines that Muhammad's actions and teachings gave rise to an open and more conciliatory society, where the Muslims were compelled to protect the lives and religion of the Jews.

Aisha ( Aisha bint Abu Bakr ) ( Muhammad's widow ), Talhah ( Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ) and Al-Zubayr ( Abu ‘ Abd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ) were all in agreement with Muawiyah that those who assassinated Uthman should be brought to justice.

Saad Muhammad's mother died when he was an infant, and he and his elder brother were sent to live with an aunt.

As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam.

Pressed by Russert on whether he agreed with Elijah Muhammad's preaching that whites are " blue-eyed devils ", Farrakhan responded:

The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca.

Hafsa, Muhammad's widow and Caliph Umar's daughter, was entrusted with that Quranic text after the second Caliph Umar died.

Burton, in his rejection of the authenticity of the story, sided with L. Caetani, who wrote that the story was to be rejected not only on the basis of isnad, but because " had these hadiths even a degree of historical basis, Muhammad's reported conduct on this occasion would have given the lie to the whole of his previous prophetic activity.

" Lastly, Haykal argues that the story is inconsistent with Muhammad's personal life and is completely against the spirit of the Islamic message.

Revered as the Noble Sanctuary ( Bait-ul-Muqaddas ) and the location of Muhammad's journey to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven, the site is also associated with Jewish biblical prophets who are also venerated in Islam.

After Muhammad's return, he called all who would believe him to join with him and be Muslim. Other Islmaic scholars believe that the Prophet ascended to the Heaven from Al-Aqsa Mosque.

The Quran also attests to Muhammad's amicable relations with Jews.

Peters, they also began to connive with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him ( despite having signed a peace treaty ).

Peters, they also began to secretly to conspire with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him ( despite having been forced by their conquerors to sign a peace treaty.

In addition Muhammad's conflict with Jews was considered of rather minor importance.

According to Lewis, since the clash of Judaism and Islam was resolved and ended during Muhammad's lifetime with Muslim victory, no Muslim equivalent of the still unresolved theological dispute between Church and Israel fueled antisemitism.

Muhammad's disputes with his neighboring Jewish tribes left no marked traces on his immediate successors ( known as Caliphs ).

Classical commentators viewed Muhammad's struggle with Jews as a minor episode in his career, but this has changed in modern times due to external influences.

However, they have none of the demonic qualities attributed to them in mediaeval Christian literature, neither is there anything comparable to the overwhelming preoccupation with Jews and Judaism ( except perhaps in the narratives on Muhammad's encounters with Medinan Jewry ) in Muslim traditional literature.

It is sealed with an imprint representing Muhammad's hand.

Muhammad then formed an alliance with the Western Karakhanid ruler Uthman ( who later married Muhammad's daughter ) against the Kara-Khitans.

This meeting did not include some of those with a strong interest in the matter — especially Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law ; people who wanted Ali to be the caliph ( ruler ) ( later known as Shia ) still consider Abu Bakr an illegitimate leader and caliphate.

While the commonly held view among historians, most Westerners and some lay Muslims is that Islam originated in Arabia with Muhammad's first recitations of the Qur ' an in the 7th century CE, In Islam ` s view, the Qur ' an itself asserts that it was Adam who is the first Muslim ( in the sense of believing in God and surrendering to God and God's commands ).

Firstly, because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor ( see Succession to Muhammad ); secondly, for the breaking of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali, after the death of Hassan ibn Ali, one of broken terms being appointing his son Yazid as his successor ; thirdly, on account of his responsibility for the killing of Hasan ibn Ali by alluring his wife Ja ' dah binte Ash ' as to poison him ; and fourthly by distorting Islam to match his unislamic rule.