* Multilateral, bilateral and unilateral taxes or restrictions on trade ;

Multilateral planning faded into traditional bilateral cooperation, and the Bucharest formula for prices assumed a revised form.

The World Bank has been involved in mining since 1955, mainly through grants from its International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, with the Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency offering political risk insurance.

The U. S. and Papua New Guinea are signatories to the U. S .- Pacific Islands Multilateral Tuna Fisheries Treaty, under which the U. S. grants $ 18 million per year to Pacific Island parties and the latter provide access for U. S. fishing vessels.

CND's growing support in the 1980s provoked opposition from several sources, including Peace Through Nato, the British Atlantic Committee ( which received government funding ), Women and Families for Defence ( set up by conservative journalist Lady Olga Maitland to oppose the Greenham Common Peace Camp ), the Conservative Party's Campaign for Defence and Multilateral Disarmament, the Coalition for Peace through Security, the Foreign Affairs Research Institute, and The 61, a private sector intelligence agency.

Multilateral donors include the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and the United Nations organizations.

Malawi is a member of the following international organizations: UN and some of its specialized and related agencies ( i. e. UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO ), IMF, World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ), World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ), Berne Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Organization of African Unity ( OAU ), Lome Convention, African Development Bank ( AFDB ), Southern African Development Community ( SADC ), the Common Market for East and Southern Africa ( COMESA ), Non-Aligned Movement, G-77, and the World Health Organization ( WHO ).

The main objective of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol is to assist developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances ( ODS ) is less than 0. 3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol.

Within the Multilateral Cooperation Initiative between Slovenia, Italy, Hungary, and Croatia, cooperation exists in numerous fields, including military ( Multinational Land Force peacekeeping brigade ), transportation, combating money laundering and organized crime, non-proliferation, border crossings, and environmental issues.

Multilateral treaties are often regional.

UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.

For developing counties, Multilateral development bank would sometimes provide an additional layer of underwriting, resulting in risk being shared between the investment bank ( s ), the multilateral organisation, and the end investors.

It is the successor to the Cold war-era Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls ( COCOM ), and was established on July 12, 1996, in the Dutch town of Wassenaar, near The Hague.

The treaty has implemented a Multilateral System ( MLS ) of access and benefit sharing, among those countries that ratify the treaty, for a list of 64 of some of the most important food and forage crops essential for food security and interdependence.

This meeting discussed the implementation of Farmers ' Rights, financial rules ; the funding strategy, relationship with the Global Crop Diversity Trust ; implementation of the Multilateral System ( MLS ) for access and benefit-sharing, among other issues.

This meeting continued the unfinished business of the previous meeting and discussed, among other issues, funding strategy, compliance, sustainable use, the implementation of Farmers ' Rights, relationship with the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the CGRFA, implementation of the Multilateral System ( MLS ) for access and benefit-sharing.

* to what extent will intellectual property rights be allowed on genetic resources in the MLS, within treaty rules: some argue an agreement aiming at open access to genetic resources for food and agriculture should not allow restrictive property rights, and the treaty says in Article 12. 3. d that " Recipients shall not claim any intellectual property or other rights that limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or their genetic parts or components, in the form received from the Multilateral System ";

The list of plant genetic material included in the Multilateral System of the Treaty is made of major food crops and forages.

Multilateral agreements allowed any Scandinavian airline to fly charter services from any of the three Scandinavian countries of Spain ; while this allowed Braathens SAFE to enter the Swedish and Danish charter market, it increase competition on their home turf.

* MAI: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment and the Threat to Canadian Sovereignty ( with Tony Clarke ) – Stoddart ( 1997 ) ISBN 0-7737-5946-8.

His publications include: The Emerging Global Order: Australian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century ( 2008 ); Power Shift: Challenges for Australia in Northeast Asia ( 2004 ); Strategic Culture in the Asia-Pacific ( 2000 ); Bilateralism in a Multilateral Era ( 1997 ); The Asia-Australia Survey 1996 – 97 ( 1996 ); The Future Pacific Economic Order: Australia's Role ( 1993 ) and The Indian Ocean: Perspectives on a Strategic Arena ( 1985 ).

Activists of the successful 1998 campaign against the Multilateral Agreement on Investment ( MAI ) were convinced that the WTO would be used by transnational corporate influencers as a forum in which to advance the global corporate agenda to the detriment of worldwide civil society and especially the interests of third-world countries.

* MAI: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment and the Threat to American Freedom ( with Tony Clarke ) – Stoddart, Toronto ( 1998 )

* MAI: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment Round 2 ; New Global and Internal Threats to Canadian Sovereignty ( with Tony Clarke ) – Stoddart, Toronto ( 1998 )

The Multilateral Agreement on Investment ( MAI ) was a draft agreement negotiated between members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) in 1995 – 1998.

* Multilateral Agreement on Investment, a treaty negotiated between members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) between 1995 and 1998

Other bilateral assistance includes the funding of small grants for qualified democracy and human rights, self-help, and cultural preservation projects.

During 1991, loan negotiations with multilateral and bilateral lending institutions brought Honduras US $ 39. 5 million in United States development assistance, US $ 70 million in balance-of-payments assistance in the form of cash grants, and US $ 18. 8 million in food aid.

Australia has a large bilateral aid programme ( about $ 1. 3 billion for 1997 – 98, mostly in the form of grants ) under which some 60 countries receive assistance.

For countries that renounced any reparations from Japan, it agreed to pay indemnity and / or grants in accordance with bilateral agreements.

Although Peru does not have a bilateral investment treaty with the United States, it has signed an agreement ( 1993 ) with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) concerning OPIC-financed loans, guarantees, and investments.

On 28 November, the European Union agreed to a € 85 billion rescue deal of which € 22. 5 billion from the European Financial Stability Mechanism ( EFSM ), € 22. 5 billion from the IMF, € 22. 5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility ( EFSF ) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden.

For example, while Egypt maintains this four head classification, in India it is classified in seven heads: ( a ) multilateral, ( b ) bilateral, ( c ) IMF loans, ( d ) Trade Credit, ( e ) Commercial Borrowings, ( f ) NRI Deposits, and ( g ) Rupee Debt, and ( h ) NPR Debt.

Although the World Bank and the development community used to favor debt for development conversions to resolve outstanding debts, they changed their policy on the issue in the 1990s when the World Bank's international development association arm decided to fund buy-backs with bilateral development assistance loans.

There were bilateral pterygia and arcus senilis, and the mouth was edentulous.

The Kennedy hope is that, at the conference or through bilateral talks, the low-wage textile-producing countries in Asia and Europe will see that `` dumping '' practices cause friction all around and may result in import quotas.

Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, polytechnical institutes, and universities in Portugal, Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements ; in general, these students belong to the Angolan elites.

These deficits can vary depending on which cerebellar structures have been damaged, and whether the lesion is bilateral or unilateral.

In slow-onset, chronic bilateral cases of vestibular dysfunction, these characteristic manifestations may be absent, and dysequilibrium may be the sole presentation.

In 2010, the volume of bilateral trade with Iran was $ 200 million-which is approximately equal to the trade between Armenia and Turkey.

In 2010, the volume of bilateral trade with Turkey was about $ 200 million, with trade taking place without open borders, across Georgian territory.

From January – September 2010, bilateral trade with the United States measured approximately $ 150 million, on track for about a 30 percent increase over 2009.

In a secret detailed letter to the Soviet leadership of July 21, 1967, Sakharov explains the need to " take the Americans at their word " and accept their proposal " for a bilateral rejection by the USA and the Soviet Union of the development of antiballistic missile defense ", because otherwise an arms race in this new technology would increase the likelihood of nuclear war.

In the case of Russia, the United States stated that it intended to discuss a bilateral reduction in the numbers of nuclear warheads, which would allow Russia to reduce its spending on missiles without decrease of comparative strength.

The introduction of free trade between Russia and Belarus in mid-1995 led to a spectacular growth in bilateral trade, which was only temporarily reversed in the wake of the financial crisis of 1998.

The Council of the European Union decided against Belarus in 1997: The PCA was not concluded, nor was its trade-related part ; Belarusian membership in the Council of Europe was not supported ; bilateral relations at the ministerial level were suspended and EU technical assistance programs were frozen.

Acknowledging the lack of progress in relation to bilateral relations and the internal situation following the position adopted in 1997, the EU adopted a step-by-step approach in 1999, whereby sanctions would be gradually lifted upon fulfillment of the four benchmarks set by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Similarly, the USAID phased out a long-standing bilateral partnership with Botswana in 1996, after successful programs emphasizing education, training, entrepreneurship, environmental management, and reproductive health.

The Brazilian foreign policy under the Lula da Silva administration had been focused on the following directives: to contribute toward the search for greater equilibrium and attenuate unilateralism ; to strengthen bilateral and multilateral relations in order to increase the country's weight in political and economic negotiations on an international level ; to deepen relations so as to benefit from greater economical, financial, technological and cultural interchange ; to avoid agreements that could jeopardize development in the long term.

In April 2009, Brunei and The Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral cooperation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.

The MOU further strengthened bilateral cooperation between the two Southeast Asian countries, particularly in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.

Burundi is heavily dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totalling $ 1. 247 billion ( 1. 247 G $) in 1997.

The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a ganglion ) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain.

It is usually bilateral, but may be multilateral, and usually exists parallel to monetary systems in most developed countries, though to a very limited extent.

Soviet bilateral trade is occasionally called " barter trade ", because although the purchases were denominated in U. S. dollars, the transactions were credited to an international clearing account, avoiding the use of hard cash.