* Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow by Christopher E. Brennen

* Fundamentals of Multiphase Flows, by Christopher Earls Brennen

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity.

Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under changing / fluctuating process conditions.

Multiphase pumping also helps eliminate emissions of greenhouse gases as operators strive to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks where possible.

) ( 3 ) Multiphase nanocomposites: scatter phonons at the interfaces of nanostructured materials, be they mixed composites or thin film superlattices.

* Terahertz Technology for Multiphase Flow Applications ( Dr. Andrew Ketsdever & Dr. Hoyoung Song )

On very hot days, emus pant to maintain their body temperature, their lungs work as evaporative coolers and, unlike some other species, the resulting low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood do not appear to cause alkalosis.

* Wood wool, commonly known as excelsior, a wood sliver material used for packaging, for the pads in evaporative coolers, and for other applications

These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans, compared to a typical wet, evaporative cooling tower.

Air washers and wet cooling towers use the same principles as evaporative coolers but are designed for purposes other than directly cooling the air inside a building.

There are 9 million evaporative coolers in central Iran, and in just the first two months of year 1385 in the Persian / Iranian calendar ( April – May 2006 ) 130, 000 evaporative coolers were sold in Iran.

This design and this material remain dominant in evaporative coolers in the American Southwest, where they are also used to increase humidity.

In the United States, the western / mountain states are good locations, with evaporative coolers prevalent in cities like Denver, Salt Lake City, Albuquerque, El Paso, Tucson, and Fresno where sufficient water is available.

Some evaporative coolers may also serve as humidifiers in the heating season.

Traditional evaporative coolers use only a fraction of the energy of vapor-compression or absorption air conditioning systems.

Two-stage evaporative coolers do not produce humidity levels as high as that produced by traditional single-stage evaporative coolers.

Typically, residential and industrial evaporative coolers use direct evaporation, and can be described as an enclosed metal or plastic box with vented sides.

Often 15 or so air changes per hour ( ACHs ) occur in spaces served by evaporative coolers, a relatively high rate of air exchange.

Typical aspen pads used in residential evaporative coolers offer around 85 % efficiency while CELdek type of evaporative media offer efficiencies of > 90 % depending on air velocity.

Because evaporative coolers perform best in dry conditions, they are widely used and most effective in arid, desert regions such as the southwestern USA and northern Mexico.

The same equation indicates why evaporative coolers are of limited use in highly humid environments: for example, a hot August day in Tokyo may be, 85 % relative humidity, 1, 005 hPa pressure.

* The only two mechanical parts in most basic evaporative coolers are the fan motor and the water pump, both of which can be repaired at low cost and often by a mechanically inclined homeowner.

A similar scheme ( multiphase cooling ) can be by a multistage evaporative cooler.

Smoke can also be used to locate difficult-to-find leaks in the fuel evaporative emissions control ( EVAP ) system.

Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the formation of fog.

Additional cooling can be provided by externally spraying a fine mist onto the intercooler surface, or even into the intake air itself, to further reduce intake charge temperature through evaporative cooling.

In deserts, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide evaporative cooling can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air.

Biofouling of heat exchange surfaces can reduce heat transfer rates of the cooling system ; and biofouling of cooling towers can alter flow distribution to reduce evaporative cooling rates.

The wet-bulb temperature is essentially the lowest temperature which can be attained by evaporative cooling at a given temperature and humidity.

In dry, arid climates, the installation and operating cost of an evaporative cooler can be much lower than that of refrigerative air conditioning, often by 80 % or so.

Condensers can be air cooled, water cooled, or evaporative.

In the last case the bottle is constructed with an inner and outer shell separated by a vacuum ( dewar flask ) so that the low temperature can be maintained by evaporative cooling.

At atmospheric pressure, < sup > 4 </ sup > He ( the more abundant isotope of helium ) liquefies at 4. 2 K. By employing evaporative cooling, temperatures down to 1 K can be easily produced.

Although E10 does decrease emissions of CO and greenhouse gases such as CO < sub > 2 </ sub > by an estimated 2 % over regular gasoline, it can cause increases in evaporative emissions and some pollutants depending on factors like the age of the vehicle and weather conditions.

This differential can be generated without evaporative cooling in the head ; for instance, a heat source directed at the bottom bulb will create a pressure differential between top and bottom that will drive the engine.

They can rehydrate by absorbing moisture through their ventral skin, and evaporative water loss occurs at a very low rate indicative of a watertight skin.

Direct evaporative cooling ( open circuit ) is used to lower the temperature of air by using latent heat of evaporation, changing liquid water to water vapor.

However, it is much less volatile than gasoline, and therefore has lower evaporative emissions, producing a lower exposure risk for an equivalent spill.

Personal thermal comfort is a function of personal health factors ( medical, psychological, sociological and situational ), ambient air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air movement ( wind chill, turbulence ) and relative humidity ( affecting human evaporative cooling ).

When the ambient temperature is excessive, humans and many animals cool themselves below ambient by evaporative cooling of sweat ( or other aqueous liquid ; saliva in dogs, for example ); this helps to prevent potentially fatal hyperthermia due to heat stress.

The effectiveness of evaporative cooling depends upon humidity ; wet-bulb temperature, which takes account of humidity, or more complex calculated quantities such as Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ( WGBT ) which also takes account of solar radiation, give a useful indication of the degree of heat stress, and are used by several agencies as the basis for heat stress prevention guidelines.

( Wet-bulb temperature is essentially the lowest skin temperature attainable by evaporative cooling at a given ambient temperature and humidity.

Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface.

Magnetic evaporative cooling is a technique for lowering the temperature of a group of atoms.

Humans are sensitive to humid air because the human body uses evaporative cooling as the primary mechanism to regulate temperature.

Wind moving over the water also produces a great deal of evaporation, leading to a decrease in temperature, called evaporative cooling.

Sufficient venting serves to keep pressure from destroying the process vessel, while also providing the means for evaporative cooling to keep red oil from reaching the runaway temperature.

An open water cooling system makes use of evaporative cooling, lowering the temperature of the remaining ( unevaporated ) water.

When considering water evaporating into air, the wet-bulb temperature which takes both temperature and humidity into account, as compared to the actual air temperature ( dry-bulb temperature ), is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling.

Here, so-called forced evaporative cooling is used to selectively remove high-energetic (" hot ") atoms from an atom cloud until the remaining cloud is cooled below the BEC transition temperature.