Muslim exegesis further lists Ezekiel's father as Buzi ( Budhi ) and Ezekiel is given the title ibn al-adjus, denoting " son of the old ", as his parents are supposed to have been very old when he was born.

Isaiah is well known in Muslim exegesis and literature, notably for his predictions of the coming of Jesus and Muhammad.

In a death which resembles that attributed to Isaiah in Lives of the Prophets, Muslim exegesis recounts that Isaiah was martyred by Israelites by being sawed in half.

Muslim exegesis, however, names all of Noah's sons, and these include Japheth.

Japheth's descendants in Muslim exegesis more-or-less agrees with the Biblical traditions.

Muslim exegesis and Qur ' an commentary, however, names them and includes John among the disciples.

Jeremiah is not mentioned in the Qur ' an, but Muslim exegesis and literature narrates many instances from the life of Jeremiah and tradition fleshes out his narrative.

Muslim exegesis and Qur ' an commentary includes James amongst the disciples of Jesus, and is known as يعقوب.

Muslim exegesis states that Sarah asked Abraham to marry her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar because she herself was barren.

Muslim exegesis and Qur ' an commentary, however, names them and includes Simon amongst the disciples.

Salafis view the Salaf as an eternal model for all succeeding Muslim generations in their beliefs, exegesis, method of worship, mannerisms, morality, piety and conduct: the Islam they practiced is seen pure, unadulterated and, therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the Sunnah.

That philosophy was admittedly only a set of conjectures — unencumbered with any test or proof ; but the Muslim philosophers felt no remorse in treating its views on the system of skies, orbits, natural elements and other related subjects as the absolute truth with which the exegesis of the Qur ' an had to conform.

Muhammad Abu Mansur al-Maturidi ( 853 AD-333 AH / 944 AD ) () was a Turkic Muslim theologian, and a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence and Qur ' anic exegesis.

A number of classical Muslim scientists and commentators did not believe in the scientific exegesis of the Qur ' an ; Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī ( 973-1048 ), one of the most celebrated Muslim scientists of the classical period, assigned to the Qur ' an a separate and autonomous realm of its own and held that the Qur ' an " does not interfere in the business of science nor does it infringe on the realm of science.

In 1285, the Muslim scholar Ibn Taymiyya started teaching Qur ' an exegesis in the mosque.

Muslim oral tradition preserves numerous sayings, or hadith, in which Muhammed describes the difference between the light of false dawn, appearing in the sky long after sunset, and the light of the first band of horizontal light at sunrise, the true dawn.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

Biruni's tradition of comparative cross-cultural study continued in the Muslim world through to Ibn Khaldun's work in the fourteenth century.

These were built on the Muslim tradition of a communitarian ethic on the one hand, and responsible individual conscience with freedom to negotiate one's own moral commitment and destiny on the other.

" Ever since the time of my ancestor Ali, the first Imam, that is to say over a period of thirteen hundred years, it has always been the tradition of our family that each Imam chooses his successor at his absolute and unfettered discretion from amongst any of his descendants, whether they be sons or remote male issue and in these circumstances and in view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes which have taken place including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interest of the Shia Muslim Ismailia Community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age and who brings a new outlook on life to his office as Imam.

Whilst in Baghdad, ` Abdu ' l-Bahá composed a commentary at the request of his father on the Muslim tradition of " I was a Hidden Treasure " for a Súfí leader named ` Alí Shawkat Páshá.

Muslim tradition, however, fleshes out the details regarding Benjamin and refers to him as being born from Jacob's wife Rachel, and further links a connection, as does Jewish tradition, between the names of Benjamin's children and Joseph.

Muslim tradition expects their women to be subservient and it is their societal norm for women to reveal little, if any of their face.

An early Muslim tradition is that the Negus Ashama ibn Abjar offered asylum to a group of Muslims fleeing persecution during Muhammad's life ( 615 ), but Stuart Munro-Hay believes that Axum had been abandoned as the capital by then – although Kobishchanov states that Ethiopian raiders plagued the Red Sea, preying on Arabian ports at least as late as 702.

) A Muslim scholarly tradition links this Qur ' anic passage to the New Testament references to the Paraclete ( John 14: 16, 14: 26, 15: 26, 16: 7 ).

The Buddhist tradition deems it to be the footprint of the Buddha, in Hindu tradition that of Shiva and in Muslim and Christian tradition that of Adam.

According to Muslim tradition, in 620 Muhammed was taken on spiritual journey from Mecca to the " farthest mosque ", whose location is considered to be the Temple Mount, returning the same night.

Another major division within Islamism is between the fundamentalist " guardians of the tradition " of the Salafism or Wahhabi movement, and the " vanguard of change " centered on the Muslim Brotherhood.

Muslim tradition maintains that the unrighteous people of Israel were angered and sought to kill Isaiah.

It is said in Muslim tradition that Jonah came from the tribe of Benjamin and that his father was Amittai.

Muslim tradition has it that this is the burial site of Jonah the prophet.

Jahangir, like his father, was not a strict Sunni Muslim ; he allowed, for example, the continuation of his father's tradition of public debate between different religions.

The Muslims and Hindus of Kashmir lived in relative harmony, since the Sufi-Islamic way of life that Muslims followed in Kashmir complemented the Rishi tradition of Kashmiri Pandits, and Sufi saints such as Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali were thought of as Muslim Rishis.

Clerical and secular scholars from Europe turned their eyes to Iberian Peninsula as the arts and sciences prospered in an early Spanish " renaissance " under the patronage of Alfonso X, who was continuing the tradition of ( relatively ) enlightened and tolerant convivencia established by the Muslim emirate several centuries earlier.

Bodonchir Munkhag ( Chagatai tradition dates ' Buzanjar Munqaq ' to the rebellion of Abu Muslim or 747 AD.

Though the Gaonic tradition, especially in its North African version, formed the basis of his legal thought, some scholars have argued recently that Muslim law, including Almohad legal thought, also had a substantial impact.

His successor Askia Muhammad Ture ( 1493 – 1528 ) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili ( d. 1504 ), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship, to Gao.

Pakistan was created in 1947 expressly as a Muslim state, but when the army took over eleven years later it did so on a wave of mass impatience which was directed in part against the inability of political and religious leaders to think their way through to the meaning of Islam for the modern political situation.

Extreme instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine, various pogroms in Russia, the Dreyfus affair, the Final Solution by Hitler's Germany, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.

Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates, made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the early Muslim invaders.

In 1906, the Aga Khan was a founding member and first president of the All India Muslim League, a political party which pushed for the creation of an independent Muslim nation in the north west regions of South Asia, then under British colonial rule, and later established the country of Pakistan in 1947.

He promulgated the fuero of tortum per tortum, facilitating taking the law into one's own hands, which among others reassumed the Muslim right to dwell in the city and their right to keep their properties and practice their religion under their own jurisdiction as long as they maintained tax payment and relocated to the suburbs.

He followed this with the conquest of Minorca-until then, an autonomous Muslim state ( Manûrqa ) under the Kingdom of Majorca-on 17 January 1287, the anniversary of which now serves as Minorca's national holiday.

The Egyptian identification card controversy began in the 1990s when the government modernized the electronic processing of identity documents, which introduced a de facto requirement that documents must list the person's religion as Muslim, Christian, or Jewish ( the only three religions officially recognized by the government ).

It is used to date events in most of the Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals.

A string of rebellions would follow, which included Punti-Hakka Clan Wars, Nien Rebellion, Muslim Rebellion, and Panthay Rebellion.

In view of implacable demands by the political leadership of both Hindu and Islamic communities in British India for a separate Hindu and a separate Muslim homeland, Mountbatten conceded the notion of two nations consisting of a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan ( which incorporated East Pakistan, now Bangladesh ).

Unlike the Muslim world, which has a geo-political and cultural definition that provides a primary identifier for a large swath of the world, Christendom is more complex.

It is also less geographically cohesive than the Muslim world, which stretches almost continuously from North Africa to South Asia.

Chiang appointed a Muslim General, Bai Chongxi, as the Minister of National Defence of the Republic of China, which controlled the ROC military.

During the protracted Ethiopian-Adal War ( 1529 – 1559 ), Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi defeated several Ethiopian Emperors and embarked on a conquest referred to as the Futuh Al-Habash (" Conquest of Abyssinia "), which brought three-quarters of Christian Abyssinia under the power of the Muslim Adal Sultanate.

Mesnager ( 1717 ), in which he impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the French plenipotentiary who negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) and A Continuation of the Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy ( 1718 ), a satire on European politics and religion, professedly written by a Muslim in Paris.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

Given Mountbatten's determination, Nehru and Patel's inability to deal with the Muslim League and lastly Jinnah's obstinacy, all Indian party leaders ( except Gandhi ) acquiesced to Jinnah's plan to divide India, which in turn eased Mountbatten's task.

In 1947, the region of Bengal under the British Empire was partitioned into East and West Bengal which separated the Muslim majority eastern areas from the Hindu majority western areas.

From 1947 until 1954, the East Bengal was an independent administrative unit which was governed by the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin.

During this time, the 1954 elections were held which saw the complete defeat of Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin by the nexus of Communist Party, Marxist-Leninist Party allying with the Awami League.

The communist parties played an influential role in staging the massive protests for the Bengali Language Movement which led the destruction of Pakistan Muslim League | PML in East Pakistan, 1950s.

In East Pakistan, the political impasse culminated in 1958 in a violent scuffle in the East-Pakistan parliament between the members of the Pakistan Muslim League and the East-Pakistan police, in which the deputy speaker was fatally injured and two ministers badly wounded.

Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty ( unless he / she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him / her from doing so.