Still, the resolutely-led attack achieved Napoleon's main strategic goal, which was to pin down the Austrian forces in this sector, preventing Charles from reinforcing his battered left.

Napoleon's strategic encirclement of the Austrians, in conjunction with the Battle of Austerlitz six weeks later, sealed the fate of the Third Coalition.

The ridge's strategic importance first became evident in 1814 when Napoleon's young recruits beat an army of Prussians and Russians at the Battle of Craonne.

From Würzburg, Wrede moved towards the strategic city of Hanau, along one of Napoleon's main retreat routes.

However, the Swedish strategic situation was hopeless: allied only with Great Britain, it faced the overmight of Napoleon's Europe and its Russian ally.

During Napoleon's invasion of Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition, the town was besieged from mid-March to July 2, 1807, by the Grande Armée and by Polish forces drawn from insurgents against Prussian rule ( a street named for the commander leading Polish soldiers is located within the present-day city ).

One of their more visible roles was as the ubiquitous " drummer boy " – the film Waterloo ( based on the Battle of Waterloo ) graphically depicts French drummer boys leading Napoleon's initial attack, only to be gunned down by Allied soldiers.

Napoleon's aim was to pin the Allies and then launch Marshal Ney, leading a mixed force heavily weighted towards cavalry, in a flanking move.

** Napoleon's standing order to " March to the sound of the guns " which Grouchy disobeyed at Waterloo leading to the French defeat.

Indeed, two days after news hit Paris of Emperor Napoleon's III capture, the French Second Empire collapsed in a bloodless revolution, leading to the creation of a new provisional government which would carry on the war for five more months, sparing no effort to try to change France's fortunes.

Working at cross-purposes to Napoleon was his former foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord who had by this time come to the conclusion that Napoleon and his war policies were leading France to destruction, and who secretly advised Alexander to resist Napoleon's demands.

Both occurred during the Hundred Days following Napoleon's return from exile and resulted in a decisive victory for the Seventh Coalition leading to the restoration of a Bourbon king.

Working at cross-purposes to Napoleon was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord who had by this time come to the conclusion that Napoleon was leading France to destruction, and who secretly advised Alexander to resist Napoleon's demands.

Many Tugendbund leaders believed that the new Kingdom of Westphalia, created by Napoleon from many smaller German states, and ruled by Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte, was ripe for revolution.

With the arrival of news in May 1810 that southern Spain had been conquered by Napoleon's forces, that the Spanish Supreme Central Junta had dissolved itself, declarations of independence in Quito ( 1809 ), Gran Colombia ( 1810 ), Venezuela and Paraguay ( 1811 ) and other territories, established their own governments.

The Prussians were defeated at Ligny ( south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo ) by an army led personally by Napoleon, but Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo, when the Prussian forces unexpectedly arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch forces pressing his front.

* 1810 – Andreas Hofer, Tirolean patriot and leader of rebellion against Napoleon's forces, is executed.

The Black Pullet, probably authored in late 18th century Rome or France, differs from the typical grimoires in that it does not claim to be a manuscript from antiquity but told by a man who was a member of Napoleon's armed expeditionary forces in Egypt.

The Duke of Wellington fought Napoleon's forces in the Peninsular War, with Joseph Bonaparte ruling as Napoleon's surrogate king at Madrid.

As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris.

The fortress, ancestral seat of the medieval Luxembourgers, was taken over by Prussian forces, following Napoleon's defeat, and Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation with Prussia responsible for its defense.

Prussia and the United Kingdom's forces maneuver to counter Napoleon's expected thrust.

The American writer Joel Barlow ( 1754-1812 ) died here on December 26, 1812, while fleeing Russian forces pursuing remnants of the French army after Napoleon's unsuccessful invasion of Russia.

* May 21 – Siege of Acre ends after two months: Napoleon's attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, and he withdraws to Egypt.

Napoleon's naval plan in 1805 was for the French and Spanish fleets in the Mediterranean and Cadiz to break through the blockade and join forces in the Caribbean.

Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe.

Combined, the regular and irregular allied forces prevented Napoleon's marshals from subduing the rebellious Spanish provinces.

On November 25, general Savary was sent to the Allied headquarters at Olmutz in order to secretly examine the Allied forces ' situation and deliver Napoleon's message expressing Napoleon ’ s desire to avoid a battle.

However, it would have been impossible for the British to continue the war in North America, due to Napoleon's escape from Elba on 1 March 1815 which ensured their forces were needed in Europe.

About a third of Napoleon's soldiers were killed or wounded ; Russian losses were also heavy, but her casualties could be replaced since large forces of militia were already with the Russian Army and replacement depots which were close by had already been gathering and training troops.

Cossacks, Light Cavalry, Guerilla forces, and even French deserters attacked French supply columns and seriously depleted Napoleon's forces.

All of the historic walls and guard towers were pulled down by Napoleon's forces.

In contrast to Blücher's forces, the left wing of Napoleon's army did not join the decisive engagement.

He reformed Austria's armies to adopt the nation at arms principle ; in 1809, he went into the War of the Fifth Coalition with confidence and inflicted Napoleon's first major setback at Aspern-Essling, before suffering a defeat at the bloody Battle of Wagram.

Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.

Napoleon's attempted restoration, a period known as the Hundred Days, ended with his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

After or just before the dissolution, the Electors of Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony, and Hanover each took the title of king of his former electorate ( in the case of Hanover after regaining his lands following Napoleon's defeat in 1814 ) while the King of Prussia extended his royal title to cover his erstwhile Electorate of Brandenburg as well as the lands he held as king outside the imperial border.

Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian Winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95 % of the pan-European Grande Armée perished.

It was ruled by King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, but Prussia regained control after Napoleon's defeat in 1814.

It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.

Just like with the Arc de Triomphe, Napoleon's 1815 defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, halted the construction of the monumental arch, but Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria ordered it to be completed as a celebration of the Vienna Congress and the peace treaties of 1815.

After Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig ( October, 1813 ), the French troops retreated to France.

After Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the major victorious powers ( Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia ) agreed at Congress of Vienna on reuniting the former Austrian Netherlands and the former Dutch Republic, creating the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was to serve as a buffer state against any future French invasions.

Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France.

The Napoleonic Wars ended following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815 and the Second Treaty of Paris.

His hurried attempt to cross the Danube resulted in the massive Battle of Aspern-Essling ( 22 May 1809 ) — Napoleon's first significant tactical defeat.

Seeing an opportunity in Napoleon's historic defeat, Prussia, Sweden, Austria, and a number of German states re-entered the war.

At the Treaty of Chaumont ( 9 March 1814 ), the Allies agreed to preserve the Coalition until Napoleon's total defeat.

Meanwhile in Italy, Joachim Murat, whom the Allies had allowed to remain King of Naples after Napoleon's initial defeat, once again allied with his brother-in-law, triggering the Neapolitan War ( March to May, 1815 ).

With Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Trento was finally annexed by the Habsburg Empire, becoming part of the province of Tyrol.

In 1814, after Napoleon's defeat, nobility from throughout Europe attended celebrations in London, but Caroline was excluded.

After Napoleon's defeat, the Pope regained Umbria until 1860.

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna re-established the sovereignty of the Papal States over central Italy and Cappellari was called back to Rome to assume the post of Camaldolese vicar general.

Louis XVIII returned to France promptly after Napoleon's defeat, to ensure his second restoration " in baggage train of the enemy ", i. e. with Wellington's troops.