Lord Raglan had wanted a better view of the proceedings and followed by his staff had ridden past the French skirmishers on the left of Prince Napoleon's division and through the Russian skirmishers facing them.

Some argue that Rabbi Shneur Zalman's opposition stemmed from Napoleon's attempts to arouse a messianic view of himself in Jews, opening the gates of the ghettos and emancipating their residents as he conquered.

In anticipation of Napoleon's defeat in 1814, it was hotly debated inside Austrian ruling circles whether Austria should get the Southern Netherlands back or, in view of the experience gained after the War of the Spanish Succession about the difficulty of defending non contiguous possessions, whether she should not instead obtain contiguous territorial compensations in Northern Italy.

Napoleon's table was in a roped-off area and he was not allowed to cross into the Turk's area, with Mälzel crossing back and forth to make each player's move and allowing a clear view for the spectators.

The 2011 tour was entitled War and Peace and details Napoleon's disastrous intrusion into Russia from a Russian Aristocratic family's view.

His ideal was Alexander of Macedon, as Napoleon's was Julius Caesar.

The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by the mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia.

There is a dispute concerning Napoleon's age because of this requirement ; the emperor is known to have altered the civic records at Ajaccio concerning himself and it is possible that he was born in Corte in 1768 when his father was there on business.

Her only income was Napoleon's meagre salary.

His wives were: Valide Sultan Ayse Seniyeperver, Valide Sultan Naksh-i-Dil Haseki Sultan ( there have been speculations that she was a cousin of Napoleon's wife Josephine ; see Aimée du Buc de Rivéry ), Hatice Ruh-şah, Hüma Şah, Ayşe, Bin-naz, Dil-pezir, Mehtabe, Misl-i Na-yab, Mu ' teber, Fatma Sheb-Safa, Nevres and Mihriban.

He was considered one of Napoleon's most formidable opponents.

Napoleon's son Napoleon François Charles Joseph ( 1811 – 1832 ) was created king of Rome ( 1811 – 1814 ) and was later styled Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication.

# Joseph Bonaparte ( Corte 1768 – Florence 1844 ), King of Naples and Spain, married Julie Clary, sister of Napoleon's childhood sweetheart, Désirée, who was to become the wife of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, the later Charles XIV of Sweden.

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte.

His conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due partly to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system but even more to the nature of war.

The spark was Napoleon's invasion of Spain, after which he deposed King Ferdinand VII and, in July 1808, placed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne.

Napoleon's infant son, Napoleon II, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and therefore reigned ( as opposed to ruled ) as Emperor for fifteen days, 22 June to 7 July 1815.

On 26 February 1815, Napoleon abandoned Elba for France, reviving the French Empire for a Hundred Days ; the Allies declared an end to Napoleon's sovereignty over Elba on 25 March 1815, and on 31 March 1815 Elba was ceded to the restored Grand Duchy of Tuscany by the Congress of Vienna.

The Black Pullet, probably authored in late 18th century Rome or France, differs from the typical grimoires in that it does not claim to be a manuscript from antiquity but told by a man who was a member of Napoleon's armed expeditionary forces in Egypt.

He was defeated in a great Battle of Leipzig in late 1813, and Napoleon's empire started to collapse.

One exception was a military force of Poles from the Polish Legions that had fought in Napoleon's army.

Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.

This was Napoleon's idea and the Directoire agreed to the plan in order to send the popular general away from the mainland.

Of permanent importance was the Napoleonic Code created by eminent jurists under Napoleon's supervision.

Napoleon's rule was constitutional, and although autocratic, it was much more advanced than traditional European monarchies of the time.

Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, was made King of Spain after Charles IV abdicated.

Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

The treaty confirmed the Austrian cession of lands in Italy and Bavaria to France and in Germany to Napoleon's German allies, imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs, and allowed the defeated Russian troops free passage, with their arms and equipment, through hostile territories and back to their home soil.

The treaty confirmed the Austrian cession of lands in Italy and Bavaria to France and in Germany to Napoleon's German allies, imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs, and allowed the defeated Russian troops free passage, with their arms and equipment, through hostile territories and back to their home soil.

Napoléon Bonaparte established his own hereditary titles during the Empire, and these new aristocrats were confirmed in legal retention of their titles even after Napoleon's overthrow.

The Prussians were defeated at Ligny ( south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo ) by an army led personally by Napoleon, but Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo, when the Prussian forces unexpectedly arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch forces pressing his front.

The rescuers are led by Napoleon's General Lasalle ( who was not, however, in command of the French occupation of Toledo ) and this places the action during the Peninsular War, centuries after the height of the Spanish Inquisition and at a time when it had lost much of its power.

After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned, but when he escaped back into France in 1815, the British and their allies had to fight him again.

It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.

In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleon's dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty " is manifestly true of W. B. Y.

Liechtenstein became a sovereign state in 1806 when it joined Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Despite Napoleon's abolition, a clandestine slave trade continued at Gorée until 1848, when it was abolished throughout all French territories.

This Second Restoration saw the beginning of the Second White Terror, largely in the south, when supporters of the monarchy sought revenge against those who had supported Napoleon's return, killing 200 – 300 and forcing thousands to flee.

After the Hundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815, the White Terror swept across France, when 80, 000 Napoleonic officials and generals were removed from their positions and some even killed, most notably the Marshals Ney, who was executed for treason, and Brune, who was murdered.

Despite Napoleon's pleas that he abdicate and leave Mexico, Maximilian refused to abandon the Mexican conservatives who had supported him, and remained alongside them until the bitter end, when he was captured by the Republicans and then shot on 19 June 1867.

Hortense cleverly disguised her pregnancy ( she was by then, in her sixth month ), during the baptism of Napoleon's son, Napoleon II when she was chosen to be one of the child's godmothers, an honour she shared with Madame Mère, mother of the Emperor.

The last doge was Ludovico Manin, who abdicated in 1797, when Venice passed under the power of Napoleon's France following his conquest of the city.

Hazareesingh ( 2004 ) explores how Napoleon's image and memory is best understood when considered within its socio-political context.

The German association with the colours black, red, and gold surfaced in the radical 1840s, when the black-red-gold flag was used to symbolize the movement against the Conservative European Order that was established after Napoleon's defeat.

In the 1990s, after Waterloo station was chosen as the British terminus for the Eurostar train service, Florent Longuepée, a municipal councillor in Paris, wrote to the British Prime Minister requesting that the station be renamed because he said it was upsetting for the French to be reminded of Napoleon's defeat when they arrived in London by Eurostar.

Napoleon hosted Pope Pius VII there in 1804, when he came to consecrate the emperor, and again in 1812 – 1814, when he was Napoleon's prisoner.

IV Corps ' position was cloaked by dense mist during the early stage of the battle ; in fact how long the mist lasted was vital to Napoleon's plan: Soult's troops would become uncovered if the mist dissipated too soon, but if it lingered too long, Napoleon would be unable to determine when the Allied troops had evacuated Pratzen Heights, preventing him from timing his attack properly.

She belonged to the Bernadotte dynasty, which had ruled in Sweden since 1818, when the founder, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's generals, was elected crown prince of Sweden in 1810 and later succeeded the throne as Charles XIV of Sweden in 1818.

Forced to flee to Brazil when Napoleon's troops invaded Portugal, he found himself faced there with liberal revolts that reflected similar events in the metropolis ; he was compelled to return to Europe amid new conflicts.

However, in the morning when his cell door is opened, he is granted a stay due to Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo ; after Napoleon is again sent into exile, Hornblower is released.

Blake, to his credit, led his remaining men through an heroic retreat west through the mountains, escaping, to Napoleon's disbelief, Soult's pursuit, but when he arrived at León on November 23, only 10, 000 men remained under his banner.