In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon.

In his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, Carlyle set out how he saw history as having turned on the decisions of " heroes ", giving detailed analysis of the influence of several such men ( including Muhammad, Shakespeare, Luther, Rousseau, and Napoleon ).

A pro-French Batavian Republic was established ( 1795 – 1806 ), and with the consolidation of French power under Napoleon gradually turned into a French satellite state, culminating in the Kingdom of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) and later simply an imperial province.

As the tide of the war turned toward the former slaves, Napoleon abandoned his dreams of restoring France's New World empire.

In 1861 Napoleon III largely supported Maximilian in his claim to Mexico, a move that was also supported by Britain and Spain but condemned by the U. S. This led to the French intervention in Mexico, which turned out to be a failure.

The British gave up their attacks over Spanish territories when the Peninsular War turned Britain and Spain into allies against Napoleon.

By this time, however, Napoleon had already all but abandoned plans to invade Britain, and had again turned his attention to enemies on the Continent.

Then Napoleon turned north to confront the remainder of the Russian army and to try to capture the temporary Prussian capital at Königsberg.

At the end of the century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned into a resistance base against the invaders with the " Viva Maria " movement, winning the city the role of provincial capital.

Napoleon turned it into the capital of the Grand Duchy of Berg, one of three French states he established in Germany.

In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since December of the previous year, turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine in order to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats.

Although outnumbered two to one, Napoleon attacked the following day ( 27 August ), turned the allied left flank, and won an impressive tactical victory.

The tide of the campaign had turned but Napoleon misjudged the strategic situation, thinking that the force that had fought Davout was only a flank guard and that the main force lay before him ; in reality it was the opposite.

In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since May of the previous year, turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine in order to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats.

This republicanism, as well as his advocacy of reason in philosophy and laissez-faire for economic policy, lost him favor with Napoleon, who turned Tracy's coinage of " ideology " into a term of abuse ; Karl Marx followed this vein of invective to refer to Tracy as a " fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär "— a " fish-blooded bourgeois doctrinaire.

< span lang =" fr "> Jean Victor Moreau </ span > being unattainable as his sword, < span lang =" fr "> Sieyès </ span > favoured < span lang =" fr "> Barthélemy Catherine Joubert </ span >; but, when < span lang =" fr "> Joubert </ span > was killed at the Battle of Novi ( 15 August 1799 ), he turned to General < span lang =" fr "> Napoleon Bonaparte </ span >.

Many of those who had favored or been neutral to Napoleon now turned against him.

At the end of the 1700s, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was named Consulat, a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity ; furthermore it included a " First Consul " who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government – a position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire.

Versions of the story vary, but they all agree that when the young man had turned in the note and had drawn his ample pay for the work, he found that his companion was Napoleon and the latter had given him a house and farm so that he could marry his sweetheart.

As a ruse, Napoleon asked for safe harbor to resupply his ships, and then turned against his hosts once safely inside Valletta.

Thwarted in his attempt to rebuild a French empire in North America, Napoleon Bonaparte turned his armies to Europe, invading and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in 1808.

Napoleon then turned north to confront the approaching Russian armies and to attempt to capture the temporary Prussian capital at Königsberg.

Napoleon then turned his attention south towards Vienna, fighting a series of actions against Hiller's forces, most famously, at the Battle of Ebersberg on 3 May.

" They proceeded to suppress Caen, Lyon, and Marseille, although the counter-revolutionary forces turned Toulon over to Britain and Spain on 29 August, resulting in the capture of much of the French navy, and Toulon was not retaken by Dugommier ( with the assistance of the young Napoleon Bonaparte ) until 19 December.

On 12 June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a Grande Armée of nearly 700, 000 troops.

The French army was renamed La Grande Armée in 1805 and Napoleon used propaganda and nationalism to control the French population.

Under Napoleon I, a northern wing paralleling the Grande Galérie was begun, and the collection grew through successful military campaigns.

Nicolas Chauvin is a legendary, possibly apocryphal French soldier and patriot who is supposed to have served in the First Army of the French Republic and subsequently in La Grande Armée of Napoleon.

In 1812, at the height of his power, Napoleon invaded Russia with a pan-European Grande Armée, consisting of 650, 000 men ( 270, 000 Frenchmen and many soldiers of allies or subject areas ).

Napoleon called him le Sage de la Grande Armée ( the sage of the Grand Army ).

The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade the United Kingdom in 1805.

* Colonne de la Grande Armée-Statue of Napoleon I

The French Grande Armée under Emperor Napoleon I attacked the Imperial Russian Army of General Mikhail Kutuzov near the village of Borodino, west of the town of Mozhaysk, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield, but failed to destroy the Russian army despite heavy losses.

It resulted in a part of the Grande Armée under Napoleon I defeating a superior Prussian and Russian force of the " Army of Silesia ", under Field-marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.

Beginning on 21 May, the battle opposed the numerous Austrian army to only a fraction of the Grande Armée, as Napoleon was unable to bring through the bulk of his army in time.

Napoleon ordered the pontooners to build three additional bridges and work continued well after dawn on 5 July, after the bulk of the Grande Armée had already crossed the river.

Napoleon used his usual propaganda to minimise his losses, stating in the Bulletin of the Grande Armée that Wagram cost the army only " 1, 500 dead and 3, 000 to 4, 000 wounded ".

Bernadotte's dismissal from the Grande Armée for his failure would have severe consequences for Napoleon in later years.

The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée ().

In 1806 Napoleon made his decision to erect a memorial, a Temple de la Gloire de la Grande Armée (" Temple to the Glory of the Great Army "); following an elaborate competition with numerous entries and a jury that decided on a design by the architect Claude Étienne de Beaumont ( 1757 – 1811 ), the Emperor trumped all, instead commissioning Pierre-Alexandre Vignon ( 1763 – 1828 ) to build his design on an antique temple ( Compare the Maison Carrée, in Nîmes ) The then-existing foundations were razed, preserving the standing columns, and work begun anew.

In 1812, Napoleon led his Grande Armée into Russia.

When Napoleon called off the invasion because of the growing threat from Austria and Russia, the camp became the VII Corps of the Grande Armée.

Napoleon had a major portion of his Grande Armée in position in present day Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, and thus decided on a northeast advance into Saxony and onto Berlin.

He was with Napoleon in Russia in 1812, Germany in 1813, and France in 1814, fulfilling, till the fall of the empire, the functions of " major-general " of the Grande Armée.

In 1812 he was made commander of one of the four cavalry corps of the Grande Armée, fought at Smolensk and Borodino and during the retreat from Moscow Napoleon appointed him to command the escort squadron, which was composed entirely of picked officers.

For many years thereafter he was equally an object of aversion to the court party, as a member of their own caste who had followed the Revolution and Napoleon, and to his comrades of the Grande Armée as the supposed betrayer of Napoleon.