Nineteen thirty-three was an ugly year in Germany when the racial laws of the new Nazi regime were enacted.

Both the public and some elements of the scientific community have associated eugenics with Nazi abuses, such as enforced " racial hygiene ", human experimentation, and the extermination of " undesired " population groups.

The " interventions " advocated and practiced by eugenicists involved prominently the identification and classification of individuals and their families, including the poor, mentally ill, blind, deaf, developmentally disabled, promiscuous women, homosexuals and entire racial groups — such as the Roma and Jews — as " degenerate " or " unfit "; the segregation or institutionalisation of such individuals and groups, their sterilization, euthanasia, and in the extreme case of Nazi Germany, their mass extermination.

The law and its corollaries would not apply to discussions covering known mainstays of Nazi Germany such as genocide, eugenics or racial superiority, nor, more debatably, to a discussion of other totalitarian regimes or ideologies, if that was the explicit topic of conversation, since a Nazi comparison in those circumstances may be appropriate, in effect committing the fallacist's fallacy.

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany, the Soviet Union and other countries with ethnic Slavs, which were considered " Untermenschen " according to Nazi racial ideology.

Some National Socialists ( such as Goebbels ) held Spengler as an intellectual precursor but he was ostracised after 1933 for his pessimism about Germany's and Europe's future, his refusal to support Nazi ideas of racial superiority, and his critical work The Hour of Decision.

It's been said that Arsuzi was fascinated with the Nazi ideology of " racial purity " and impacted Aflaq.

Following the Nazi eugenics program, racial essentialism lost scientific credibility.

Nazi Party racial expert Dr. Achim Gercke investigated Heydrich's genealogy.

Creating elite police and military units such as the Waffen-SS, Adolf Hitler used the SS to form an order of men claimed to be superior in racial purity and ability to other Germans and national groups, a model for the Nazi vision of a master race.

The Nazis regarded the SS as an elite unit, the party's " Praetorian Guard ", with all SS personnel ( originally ) selected on the principles of racial purity and loyalty to the Nazi Party.

The main purpose of the Germanic-SS was enforcement of Nazi racial doctrine and anti-semitic policies.

Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged excessive brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions.

Hitler saw the Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy, and the official Nazi party paper, the Völkischer Beobachter wrote in the strongest terms that Jews and Black people should not be allowed to participate in the Games.

After racial laws of 1938 segregation was reintroduced and lasted until the end of the Nazi occupation.

He is considered one of the main authors of key Nazi ideological creeds, including its racial theory, persecution of the Jews, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to " degenerate " modern art.

As the Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, Rosenberg oversaw the construction of a human racial " ladder " that justified Hitler's genocidal policies.

Rosenberg reshaped Nazi racial policy over the years, but it always consisted of Aryan supremacy, extreme German nationalism and rabid antisemitism.

As Nazi Germany's chief racial theorist, Rosenberg considered Slavs, though lesser than Germans, to be Aryan.

Raeder's biographer, Keith Bird wrote about Raeder's anti-Semitism: " Raeder's adoption of Nazi racial epithets, reflective of the assimilation of the tenets of National Socialism in the Wehrmacht, indicate his ongoing readiness to interpret and moderate Hitler's policies and ideology and assimilate them into his own Pan-German conservative world-view.

Following the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, in 1938 the University of Vienna was reformed under political aspects and a huge number of teachers and students were dismissed for political and " racial " reasons.

He was a regent for the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems during the Nazi occupation of Vichy France which implemented the eugenics policies there ; his association with the Foundation led to allegations of collaborating with the Nazis.

Nazi Germany similarly pursued an economic agenda with the aims of autarky and rearmament and imposed protectionist policies, including forcing the German steel industry to use lower-quality German iron ore rather than superior-quality imported iron.

Their pre-war economic policies, resembling Keynesianism, were in the beginning the brainchildren of their non-Nazi Minister of Economics, Hjalmar Schacht, who was later made to focus more on war production ( cf: Military Keynesianism ), and was eventually replaced by a Nazi, Hermann Göring.

However, their numbers grew as the Vichy regime resorted to more strident policies in order to fulfill the enormous demands of the Nazis and the eventual decline of Nazi Germany became more obvious.

As his influence declined, Ribbentrop increasingly spent his time feuding with other Nazi leaders over control of anti-Semitic policies to curry Hitler's favour.

The government tried to counter communist-led unrest in the industrial areas and continued friendly policies towards Nazi Germany, which led to much criticism.

Max Zorn was appointed as an assistant at the University of Halle but he did not have the opportunity to work there for long since, in 1933, he was forced to leave Germany because of the Nazi policies.

However, extensive research on the topic was impeded by a continuation of Nazi policies on homosexuals in post-war East and West Germany and continued western notions of homophobia.

* In reference to the Axis powers ( primarily, Nazi Germany ) policies towards some nations in World War II ( ex.

Astor did occasionally meet with Nazi officials in keeping with Neville Chamberlain's policies, and it is true that she distrusted and disliked British Foreign Secretary ( later Prime Minister ) Anthony Eden, stating that the more she saw of him the " more certain " she was that he would " never be a Disraeli ".

" Critical Reconstruction " policies sought to disassociate the city's identity from its Nazi and socialist legacy, though some remnants were preserved, with walkways and bicycle paths established along the border strip to preserve the memory of the Wall.

It served as the motivation for the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany, aiming to provide extra space for the growth of the German population, for a Greater Germany.

Along with the rest of industrial Upper Silesia Tychy was occupied by Nazi forces after the invasion of Poland and absorbed into the Third Reich, while many of its inhabitants who were not expelled or exterminated were forced to change their nationality to German in order to comply with the racist policies of Nazi Germany.

Upon his return to Britain he became a vocal Soviet sympathiser who avidly read the Daily Worker ( the publication of the Communist Party of Great Britain ), although was heavily critical of some of the Soviet government's policies, in particular the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact that they made with Nazi Germany.

In 1997, Fields conceived an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, which drew parallels between the " organized oppression " of Scientologists in Germany and Nazi policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s.

Germany and Austria had deeply religious Christian populations, and a majority of Christians in these nations supported the anti-Semitic Nazi policies throughout all of World War II.

For Taylor, Nazi racial imperialism was a continuation of policies pursued by every German ruler.

The racial policy of Nazi Germany was a set of policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the " Aryan race ", and based on a specific racist doctrine which claimed scientific legitimacy.

Because the Nazis deliberately took ' ownership ' of Wagner for their own propaganda purposes, it does not follow logically that one should interpret the composer's writings only in the context of Nazi policies.

Relations further deteriorated when, in January 1948, the U. S. State Department also published a collection of documents titled Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939 – 1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office, which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe, the 1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, and discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power.

It argues that " Western powers " aided Nazi rearmament and aggression, including that American bankers and industrialists provided capital for the growth of German war industries, while deliberately encouraging Hitler to expand eastward.

* 1961 – The trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann in Israel ends with verdicts of guilty on 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people and membership of an outlawed organization.

As World War II unfolded, Nazi Germany deported and killed millions of Jews and many millions of others were likewise enslaved or murdered, including Ukrainians, Russians and other Slavs.

Wilhelm II initially supported the Nazi Party, and his four sons of the exiled German royal family, including Prince Eitel Friedrich and Prince Oskar, became members of the Nazi Party, in hopes that in exchange for their support, the Nazis would permit the restoration of the monarchy.

Numerous future members and leaders of the Nazi Party had served in the Freikorps, including Ernst Röhm, future head of the Sturmabteilung, or SA, Heinrich Himmler, future head of the Schutzstaffel, or SS, and Rudolf Höß, the future Kommandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

# When the newly elected Reichstag first convened on March 23, 1933, ( not including the Communist delegates, since their party had already been banned by that time ) it passed the Enabling Act ( Ermächtigungsgesetz ), transferring all legislative powers to the Nazi government and, in effect, abolishing the remainder of the Weimar constitution as a whole.

These groups — the Nazi party and government leadership, the German General Staff and High Command ( OKW ); the Sturmabteilung ( SA ); the Schutzstaffel ( SS ), including the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ); and the Gestapo — had an aggregate membership exceeding two million, making a large number of their members liable to trial if the organisations were convicted.

The IMT also convicted three of the groups: the Nazi leadership corps, the SS ( including the SD ) and the Gestapo.

The " short twentieth century ", from 1914 to 1991, sees the First World War, the Second World War and the Cold War, including the rise and fall of Nazi Germany and of the Soviet Union.

It argues that " Western powers " aided Nazi rearmament and aggression, including that American bankers and industrialists provided capital for the growth of German war industries, while deliberately encouraging Hitler to expand eastward.

Despite these claims he nominated people active under Nazi Germany to top ministerial positions, including Hans Globke, Director of the Federal Chancellory of West Germany between 1953 and 1963 and one of the closest aides to Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.

He was active in protests against Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign Secretary who maintained restrictions on immigration of Jews ( including Nazi concentration camp survivors ) to Palestine after the end of the Second World War.

Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the Reichskonkordat ; this was to become Pius XI's 1937 encyclical, Mit brennender Sorge.

When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, in Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army's ground forces had 303 divisions and 22 separate brigades ( 4. 8 million soldiers ), including 166 divisions and 9 brigades ( 2. 9 million soldiers ) garrisoned in the western military districts.

Heydrich received several Nazi and military awards, including the German Order, Blood Order, Golden Party Badge, Luftwaffe Pilot's Badge, bronze and silver combat mission bars, and the Iron Cross First and Second Classes.

Furthermore, the SS purge was extended to those viewed as threats to " race hygiene " or Nazi ideology — including the mentally or physically handicapped, homosexuals, and political dissidents.

The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members.

After that, Harry supervised the production of several more anti-German films, including Confessions of a Nazi Spy ( 1939 ), The Sea Hawk ( 1940 ), which made King Phillip II an equivalent of Hitler, Sergeant York, and You're In The Army Now ( 1941 ).

Shortly afterwards, World War II broke out, pitting the Allied powers ( chiefly the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom ) against the Axis powers ( Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and Italy ) which eventually resulted in a total victory for the Allies, at the cost of over 60 million lives, including millions of civilians, and the complete devastation of many nations.

In his postwar thinking, Heidegger distanced himself from Nazism, but his critical comments about Nazism seem " scandalous " to some since they tend to equate the Nazi war atrocities with other inhumane practices related to rationalisation and industrialisation, including the treatment of animals by factory farming.