On 11 July 1789, after Necker published an inaccurate account of the government's debts and made it available to the public, the King fired him, and completely restructured the finance ministry at the same time.

The Necker cube is an optical illusion first published as a rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker.

In 1773, Necker won the prize of the Académie Française for a defense of state corporatism framed as a eulogy of Louis XIV's minister, Colbert ; in 1775, he published his Essai sur la législation et le commerce des grains, in which he attacked the free-trade policy of Turgot.

They returned to Paris, or at least to its neighborhood, in 1785, and Mlle Necker resumed writing miscellaneous works, including a novel, Sophie, printed in 1786, and a tragedy, Jeanne Grey, published in 1790.

For example, subjects who stare continuously at a Necker Cube usually report that they experience it " flipping " between two 3D configurations, even though the stimulus itself remains the same.

After the king fired his finance minister, Jacques Necker, for giving his support and guidance to the Third Estate, worries surfaced that the legitimacy of the newly formed National Assembly might be threatened by royalists.

Though many believed it was entirely the support of the queen that enabled them to secure their positions, in truth it was mostly that of Finance Minister Jacques Necker.

In the wake of the 11 July dismissal of Jacques Necker, the people of Paris, fearful that they and their representatives would be attacked by the royal military, and seeking to gain ammunition and gunpowder for the general populace, stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris which had often held people jailed on the basis of lettres de cachet, arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed.

These shows have featured large collections of his gridfonts, his ambigrams ( pieces of calligraphy created with two readings, either of which is usually obtained from the other by rotating or reflecting the ambigram, but sometimes simply by " oscillation ", like the Necker Cube or the rabbit / duck figure of Joseph Jastrow ), and his " Whirly Art " ( music-inspired visual patterns realized using shapes based on various alphabets from India ).

These included resentment of royal absolutism ; resentment by peasants, laborers and the bourgeoisie toward the traditional seigneurial privileges possessed by the nobility ; resentment of the Church's influence over public policy and institutions ; aspirations for freedom of religion ; resentment of aristocratic bishops by the poorer rural clergy ; aspirations for social, political and economic equality, and ( especially as the Revolution progressed ) republicanism ; hatred of Queen Marie-Antoinette, who was falsely accused of being a spendthrift and an Austrian spy ; and anger toward the King for firing finance minister Jacques Necker, among others, who were popularly seen as representatives of the people.

This was not received well by the King's ministers, and Necker, hoping to bolster his position, argued to be made a minister.

" Necker convened a Second Assembly of Notables, which rejected the notion of double representation by a vote of 111 to 333.

The Estates-General convened in the Grands Salles des Menus-Plaisirs in Versailles on 5 May 1789 and opened with a three-hour speech by Necker.

An astute financier but a less astute politician, Necker overplayed his hand by demanding and obtaining a general amnesty, losing much of the people's favour.

Necker, Mounier, Lally-Tollendal and others argued unsuccessfully for a senate, with members appointed by the crown on the nomination of the people.

From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years, and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, created in 1920 by merger with the physically contiguous Necker Hospital, founded in 1778.

So, in 1776, Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned, to be replaced by Jacques Necker.

Necker concealed the crisis from the public by explaining only that ordinary revenues exceeded ordinary expenses, and not mentioning the loans.

He resigned from his post in August and was replaced by the Swiss magnate Jacques Necker.

In November 1788, a second Assembly of Notables was convened by Jacques Necker, to consider the makeup of the next Estates-General.

Marie Antoinette was his most formidable enemy, so Louis – listening to Antoinette – would become a factor in Necker's resignation: Louis would not reform taxation to bring in more money to cover debts, nor would he listen to Necker and allow him to be a special adviser, because this was strongly opposed by the ministers.

* Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital ( Paris, France-founded by the wife of Jacques Necker )

* December 27: Prompted by public controversy, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be able to stand for the same

* July 11: Necker dismissed by Louis ; populace sack the monasteries, ransack aristocrats ' homes in search of food and weapons

The sudden dismissal of popular finance minister Jacques Necker by King Louis XVI on 11 July 1789 proved the spark that lit the fuse of Desmoulins ' fame.

The total collection from the capitation, according to Necker in 1788, was 41 million livres, well short of the 54 million estimate, and it was projected that the revenues could have doubled if the exemptions were revoked and the original 1695 assessment properly restored.

Using K-Ar dating, the present islands date from 0. 4 million years ago ( mya ) ( Mauna Kea ) to 10mya ( Necker ).

In 2009, FBi asked listeners to ask Richard Branson to donate $ 1 million to the station, with the person getting his attention being promised $ 50k if he came through with the goods .... A young Australian woman swam to his house on Necker Island to inform him of the campaign and Branson called the station to chat on air to broadcaster Alison Petrowski.

According to the estimates of Jacques Necker in 1788, the capitation tax was so riddled in practice, that the privileged classes ( nobles and clergy and towns ) were largely exempt, while the lower classes were heavily crushed: the lowest peasant class, originally assessed to pay 3 livres, were now paying 24, the second lowest, assessed at 10 livres, were now paying 60 and the third-lowest assessed at 30 were paying 180.

In 1788, Louis XVI of France proposed convocation of the Estates-General of France after the interval of more than a century and a half, and the invitation of Jacques Necker to writers to state their views as to the organization of the Estates, enabled Sieyès to publish his celebrated January 1789 pamphlet, Qu ’ est-ce que le tiers-état?

During the reigns of Louis XV ( 1715 – 1774 ) and Louis XVI ( 1774 – 1792 ), several ministers, most notably Turgot and Necker, proposed revisions to the French tax system so as to include the nobles as taxpayers, but these proposals were not adopted because of resistance from the parlements ( provincial courts of appeal ).

Jacques Necker, finance minister to Louis XVI, had earlier proposed that the king hold a Séance Royale ( Royal Session ) in an attempt to reconcile the divided Estates.

Necker was recalled to power, but his triumph was short-lived.

There, he met other Swiss, among them Jean-Paul Marat and Étienne Dumont, but their plans for a new Geneva in Ireland — which the government of William Pitt the Younger favoured — were given up when Jacques Necker came to power in France, and Clavière, with most of his comrades, went to Paris.

" Necker had resigned in 1781, to be replaced temporarily by Calonne and Brienne, but he was restored to power in 1788.

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker had attempted these reforms, and Calonne attributed their failure to the opposition of the parlements.

The image on the right of a Necker cube is an example of a bistable percept, that is, the cube can be interpreted as being oriented in two different directions.

The next year, Jacques Necker, a foreigner, was appointed Comptroller-General of Finance.

Necker realized that the country's extremely regressive tax system subjected the lower classes to a heavy burden, while numerous exemptions existed for the nobility and clergy.

The King refused, Necker was fired, and Charles Alexandre de Calonne was appointed to the Comptrollership.

Necker asserted that each estate verify credentials and " the king was to act as arbitrator.

By this time, Necker had earned the enmity of many members of the French court for his overt manipulation of public opinion.

Marie Antoinette, the King's younger brother the Comte d ' Artois, and other conservative members of the King's privy council urged him to dismiss Necker as financial advisor.

Honoré Mirabeau now led the move to address this matter, and the Assembly gave Necker complete financial dictatorship.

The " Royalist democrats " or monarchiens, allied with Necker, inclined toward organising France along lines similar to the British constitutional model ; they included Jean Joseph Mounier, the Comte de Lally-Tollendal, the comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, and Pierre Victor Malouet, comte de Virieu.

* 1789 – Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.

* 1789 – French revolutionary and radical journalist Camille Desmoulins gave a speech in response to the dismissal of Jacques Necker France's finance minister the day before.

Although Escher did not have mathematical training — his understanding of mathematics was largely visual and intuitive — Escher's work had a strong mathematical component, and more than a few of the worlds which he drew are built around impossible objects such as the Necker cube and the Penrose triangle.