ET, in turn, can now be seen ( in light of modern results ) as close to the average mean solar time between 1750 and 1890 ( centered on 1820 ), because that was the period during which the observations on which Newcomb's tables were based were performed.

In the introduction to Newcomb's Tables of the Sun ( 1895 ) the basis of the tables ( p. 9 ) includes a formula for the Sun's mean longitude, at a time indicated by interval T ( in Julian centuries of 36525 mean solar days ) reckoned from Greenwich Mean Noon on 0 January 1900:

Specifically, those tables used for most of the 20th century were Newcomb's Tables of the Sun ( used from 1900 through 1983 ) and Brown's Tables of the Moon ( used from 1923 through 1983 ).

Thus a conventionally corrected form of Newcomb's formula, to incorporate the corrections on the basis of mean solar time, would be the sum of the two preceding expressions:

Newcomb's Tables were the basis for practically all ephemerides of the Sun published from 1900 through 1983, including the annual almanacs of the U. S. Naval Observatory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

By the time he attended a standardisation conference in Paris, France in May 1886, the international consensus was that all ephemerides should be based on Newcomb's calculations.

By the time he attended a standardisation conference in Paris, France, in May 1896, the international consensus was that all ephemerides should be based on Newcomb's calculations — Newcomb's Tables of the Sun.

The Earth's motion was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun ( 1895 ), which provided a formula for estimating the motion of the Sun relative to the epoch 1900 based on astronomical observations made between 1750 and 1892.

The work contains Newcomb's mathematical development of the position of the Earth in the Solar System, which is constructed from classical celestial mechanics as well as centuries of astronomical measurements.

ET was an independent time-variable, proposed ( and its adoption agreed ) in the period 1948 – 52 with the intent of forming a gravitationally uniform time scale as far as was feasible at that time, and depending for its definition on Simon Newcomb's Tables of the Sun ( 1895 ), interpreted in a new way to accommodate certain observed discrepancies.

An impression has sometimes arisen that ephemeris time was in use from 1900: this probably arose because ET, though proposed and adopted in the period 1948 – 1952, was defined in detail using formulae that made retrospective use of the epoch date of 1900 January 0 and of Newcomb's Tables of the Sun.

Its detailed definition depended on Simon Newcomb's Tables of the Sun ( 1895 ), interpreted in a new way to accommodate certain observed discrepancies:

Spencer Jones ' work of 1939 showed that the positions of the Sun actually observed, when compared with those obtained from Newcomb's formula, show the need for the following correction to the formula to represent the observations:

Clemence's 1948 proposal did not adopt a correction of this kind in terms of mean solar time: instead, the same numbers were used as in Newcomb's original uncorrected formula ( 1 ), but now in a reverse sense, to define the time and time scale implicitly, based on the real position of the Sun:

Their efforts led to the preparation of Newcomb's Tables of the Sun in 1895, and correspond to a value for the Gaussian gravitational constant of, where A is the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth's orbit and D is the mean solar day at J1900. 0.

Newcomb's Tables of the Sun is the short title and running head of a work by the American astronomer and mathematician Simon Newcomb entitled " Tables of the Motion of the Earth on its Axis and Around the Sun " on pages 1 – 169 of " Tables of the Four Inner Planets " ( 1895 ), volume VI of the serial publication Astronomical Papers prepared for the use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac.

The definition of the Local time of the ascending node concept for Sun-synchronous spacecraft is only related to the position of the Sun indirectly through Newcomb's formula which gives the angle between the Greenwich meridian and the Vernal equinox in the form

1900 January 0 ( at Greenwich Mean Noon ) was also the epoch used by Newcomb's Tables of the Sun, which became the epoch for the Dublin Julian day.

was obtained from the linear time-coefficient in Newcomb's expression for the solar mean longitude ( above ), taken and applied with the same meaning for the time as in formula ( 3 ) above.

The relation with Newcomb's coefficient can be seen from:

For some years Hansen's theory continued to be used with Newcomb's corrections ( from the Nautical Almanac's issue for 1883 ), but it was eventually ( as from 1923 ) superseded by E W Brown's theory.

The ephemeris second, based on a fraction of the tropical year derived from Simon Newcomb's expression for the mean solar motion, became a standard in 1960, but in 1967, at the 13th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, the second was redefined in terms of a value for the ephemeris second that had been precisely measured by Essen in collaboration with William Markowitz of the United States Naval Observatory in terms of the frequency of a chosen line from the spectrum of caesium.

His observations on eclipses were still used centuries later in Simon Newcomb's investigations on the motion of the moon, while his other observations inspired Laplace's Obliquity of the Ecliptic and Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn.

The bounty hunter team that killed them were the older brothers of Newcomb's teenage girlfriend, Rose Dunn.

Though Michelson published his first measurement in 1880, Newcomb's measurement was substantially different.

In 1895, Newcomb's physical education instructor Clara Gregory Baer published the handbook Basketball Rules for Women and Girls.

The court ruled on July 1, 2008, that the " successors " of a testator have standing to enforce the terms of a predecessor's will, though it did not rule specifically on the merits of the interpretation of Mrs. Newcomb's will.

The 1961 official reference put it this way: " The origin and rate of ephemeris time are defined to make the Sun's mean longitude agree with Newcomb's expression "

* In the very early twentieth century, comparison between lunar theory and observation was used in another test of gravitational theory, to test ( and rule out ) Simon Newcomb's suggestion that a well-known discrepancy in the motion of the perihelion of Mercury might be explained by a fractional adjustment of the power-2 in Newton's inverse square law of gravitation ( the discrepancy was later successfully explained by the general theory of relativity ).

William Newcomb ( died 1999 ), a professor and theoretical physicist at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, is best known as the creator of Newcomb's paradox, devised in 1960.

Newcomb's apprenticeship with Dr. Foshay occurred when he was only 16.

In 1880, Michelson assisted at Newcomb's initial measurement with instruments located at Fort Myer and the United States Naval Observatory, then situated on the Potomac River.

St. Albans Park is fast becoming recognised as one of Geelong's finest suburbs with its wide open spaces, modern housing and family lifestyle while still maintaining a close proximity to Geelong's CBD and Newcomb's nearby shopping centre and schools.

* In line with Newcomb's paradox, an omniscient pay-off mechanism makes a person's decision known to him before he makes the decision, but it is also assumed that the person may change his decision afterwards, of free will.

* Similarly in line with Newcomb's paradox ; Kavka's claim, that one cannot intend what one will not do, makes pay-off mechanism an example of reverse causation.

In philosophy, the relation between foreknowledge and predestination is a central part of Newcomb's paradox.

Artist Rexford Newcomb's conception of Mission San Juan Capistrano in its heyday.

Newcomb's paradox, also referred to as Newcomb's problem, is a thought experiment involving a game between two players, one of whom purports to be able to predict the future.

Newcomb's paradox was created by William Newcomb of the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.

* Xanthus, the fictional character in Robert Newcomb's fantasy series Blood and Stone.

A further conference as late as 1950 confirmed Newcomb's constants as the international standard.

A further conference as late as 1950 confirmed Newcomb's constants as the international standard.