Evidence assembled by Frank A. Pattie suggests that Mesmer plagiarized his dissertation from a work by Richard Mead, an eminent English physician and Newton's friend.

Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher, Edmond Halley who, in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets, used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits.

Waterhouse confronts Newton over his increasingly unstable behavior and his fruitless attempts to derive a " theory of everything " under the enabling influence of Newton's close friend Fatio.

Newton's friend William Whiston ( translator of the works of Josephus ) lost his professorship at Cambridge for this reason in 1711.

We know by name some of those who were toasted: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ; Lady Godolphin, Lady Sunderland, Lady Bridgewater, and Lady Monthermer, all daughters of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, except Lady Mary Wortley Montagu who was the daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, 5th Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull and but 8 years old when toasted ; the Duchess of Bolton, the Duchess of Beaufort, the Duchess of St. Albans ; Anne Long, a daughter of Sir James Long, 2nd Baronet and friend of Jonathan Swift ; Catherine Barton, Newton's niece and Charles Montagu's mistress ; Mrs. Brudenell and Lady Wharton, Lady Carlisle and Mrs. Kirk and Mademoiselle Spanheim, among them.

Studies of alchemy also influenced Isaac Newton's theory of gravity.

Isaac Newton's 1728 The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended studies a variety of mythological links to Atlantis.

The expeditions confirmed Isaac Newton's belief that the shape of the earth is an ellipsoid flattened at the poles.

Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument ( also known as " Newton's bucket ") was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies.

Isaac Newton's description was: " A centripetal force is that by which bodies are drawn or impelled, or in any way tend, towards a point as to a centre.

Isaac Newton's ( 1642 – 1727 ) mathematical explanation of universal gravitation explained the behavior both of objects here on earth and of objects in the heavens in a way that promoted a worldview in which the natural universe is controlled by laws of nature.

* 1684 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.

The gravitational weakening of light from high-gravity stars was predicted by John Michell in 1783 and Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1796, using Isaac Newton's concept of light corpuscles ( see: emission theory ) and who predicted that some stars would have a gravity so strong that light would not be able to escape.

These works also influenced contemporary Italian scientist Galileo Galilei and provided one of the foundations for Englishman Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

Some eight decades later, Isaac Newton proved that relationships like Kepler's would apply exactly under certain ideal conditions that are to a good approximation fulfilled in the solar system, as consequences of Newton's own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.

Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900.

In numerical analysis, Newton's method ( also known as the Newton – Raphson method ), named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better approximations to the roots ( or zeroes ) of a real-valued function.

In the climate of English thought in the period following Isaac Newton's major contributions to physics, there was much discussion of a distinction between primary qualities and secondary qualities.

In Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute — in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there were any matter in the space.

Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos.

In the late 17th century, Isaac Newton's description of the long-distance force of gravity implied that not all forces in nature result from things coming into contact.

* Three small apple trees, said to have been grown from cuttings taken from the apple trees in Sir Isaac Newton's garden, are planted by the archway containing a statue of Archimedes in his bath by Thompson Dagnall.

However, the theory had difficulties in other matters, and was soon overshadowed by Isaac Newton's corpuscular theory of light.

* Sir Isaac Newton's Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ), describing his method of differential calculus, is first published ( posthumously ) and Thomas Bayes publishes a defense of its logical foundations ( anonymously ).

Isaac Newton's analysis of escape velocity.

He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers.

It usually appears in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation, and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.

* December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.

It is reported that in his examination for a scholarship at Trinity, to which he was elected on 28 April 1664, he was examined in Euclid by Dr. Isaac Barrow, who was disappointed in Newton's lack of knowledge on the subject.

" Shortly afterwards Barrow resigned his chair, and was instrumental in securing Newton's election as his successor.

From it was selected and published in 1712, by order of the Royal Society, the Commercium Epistolicum, of material relevant to Newton's priority over Leibniz in the discovery of the infinitesimal calculus ; specimens of results from the use of the fluxional method were transmitted 20 July 1669 through Barrow to Collins, and by him made widely known.

Young's famous double slit experiment showed that light followed the law of superposition, which is a wave-like property not predicted by Newton's corpuscle theory.

By the end of the 19th century, it was known that its orbit showed slight perturbations that could not be accounted for entirely under Newton's theory, but all searches for another perturbing body ( such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury ) had been fruitless.

The discovery of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that every physical quantity is not conserved over time, thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton's laws.

Once the Schrödinger equation was given a probabilistic interpretation, Ehrenfest showed that Newton's laws hold on average: the quantum statistical expectation value of the position and momentum obey Newton's laws.

The Fizeau experiment to measure the speed of light in water has been viewed as " driving the last nail in the coffin " of Newton's corpuscle theory of light when it showed that light travels more slowly through water than through air.

Isaac Newton was the first to enunciate the conservation of momentum in its modern form, and showed that it was a consequence of Newton's third law.

The concept of messenger particles dates back to the 18th century when the French physicist Charles Coulomb showed that the electrostatic force between electrically charged objects follows a law similar to Newton's Law of Gravitation.

Kantorovich showed that functional analysis could be used in the analysis of iterative methods, obtaining the Kantorovich inequalities on the convergence rate of the gradient method and of Newton's method.

In 1850, he did an experiment using the Fizeau – Foucault apparatus to measure the speed of light ; it came to be known as the Foucault – Fizeau experiment, and was viewed as " driving the last nail in the coffin " of Newton's corpuscle theory of light when it showed that light travels more slowly through water than through air.

In October 2009, Channel 4 was criticised for broadcasting character Barry Newton's attempted suicide, which showed similarities to an incident which happened the same week in Glasgow in which two teenagers committed suicide by jumping into the River Clyde.

His re-analysis of available timed observations of transits of Mercury over the Sun's disk from 1697 to 1848 showed that the actual rate of the precession disagreed from that predicted from Newton's theory by 38 " ( arc seconds ) per tropical century ( later re-estimated at 43 ").

About thirty years after Newton's death in 1727, Alexis Clairaut, one of Newton's early and eminent successors in the field of gravitational studies, wrote after reviewing Hooke's work that it showed " what a distance there is between a truth that is glimpsed and a truth that is demonstrated ".

However Clairaut showed shortly afterwards ( 1749 – 50 ) that at least the major cause of the discrepancy lay not in the lunar theory based on Newton's laws, but in excessive approximations that he and others had relied on to evaluate it.