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Njörðr is father of the deities Freyr and Freyja by his unnamed Van sister, was in an ill-fated marriage with the goddess Skaði, lives in Nóatún and is associated with sea, seafaring, wind, fishing, wealth, and crop fertility.
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Njörðr and is
In the Icelandic books the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, Freyr is presented as one of the Vanir, the son of the sea god Njörðr, brother of the goddess Freyja.
Along with her brother Freyr ( Old Norse the " Lord "), her father Njörðr, and her mother ( Njörðr's sister, unnamed in sources ), she is a member of the Vanir.
Njörðr interjects — he says that a woman having a lover other than her husband is harmless, and he points out that Loki has borne children, and calls Loki a pervert.
Examples of goddesses attested in Norse mythology include Frigg ( wife of Odin, and the Anglo-Saxon version of whom is namesake of the modern English weekday Friday ), Skaði ( one time wife of Njörðr ), Njerda ( Scandinavian name of Nerthus ), that also was married to Njörðr during Bronze Age, Freyja ( wife of Óðr ), Sif ( wife of Thor ), Gerðr ( wife of Freyr ), and personifications such as Jörð ( earth ), Sól ( the sun ), and Nótt ( night ).
Kennings of the type AB, where B routinely has the characteristic A and thus this AB is tautological, tends to mean " like B in that it has the characteristic A ", e. g. " shield-Njörðr ", tautological because the god Njörðr by nature has his own shield, means " like Njörðr in that he has a shield ", i. e. " warrior ".
Njörðr ( Freyja and Freyr's father ) says that it is harmless for a woman to have a lover or " someone else " beside her husband, and that what is surprising is a " pervert god coming here who has borne children.
Njörðr responds that this was his reward when he was sent as a hostage to the Æsir, and that he fathered his son ( Freyr ), whom no one hates, and is considered a prince of the Æsir.
Njörðr is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, in euhemerized form as a beloved mythological early king of Sweden in Heimskringla, also written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century, as one of three gods invoked in the 14th century Hauksbók ring oath, and in numerous Scandinavian place names.
Veneration of Njörðr survived into 18th or 19th century Norwegian folk practice, where the god is recorded as Njor and thanked for a bountiful catch of fish.
It has been suggested that the change of sex from the female Nerthus to the male Njörðr is due to the fact that feminine nouns with u-stems disappeared early in Germanic language while the masculine nouns with u-stems prevailed.
Additionally, in Old Icelandic translations of Classical mythology the Roman god Saturn's name is glossed as " Njörðr.
In stanza 16 of the poem Grímnismál, Njörðr is described as having a hall in Nóatún made for himself.
The stanza describes Njörðr as a " prince of men ," that he is " lacking in malice ," and that he " rules over the " high-timbered temple.
" In stanza 43, the creation of the god Freyr's ship Skíðblaðnir is recounted, and Freyr is cited as the son of Njörðr.
Njörðr and father
Njörðr is referenced in stanza 22 of the poem Þrymskviða, where he is referred to as the father of the goddess Freyja.
Chapter 24 begins, which describes Njörðr as the father of two beautiful and powerful children: Freyr and Freyja.
In chapter 6, a list of kennings is provided for Njörðr: " God of chariots ," " Descendant of Vanir ," " a Van ," father of Freyr and Freyja, and " the giving god.
" Alaric Hall has equated the Vanir with the elves, and Joseph S. Hopkins and Haukur Þorgeirsson, building on suggestions by archaeologist Ole Crumlin-Pedersen and others, link the Vanir to ship burial customs among the North Germanic peoples, proposing an early Germanic model of a ship in a " field of the dead " that may be represented both by Freyja's afterlife field Fólkvangr and by the Old English Neorxnawang ( the mysterious first element of which may be linked to the name of Freyja's father, Njörðr ).
In all sources, Skaði is the daughter of the deceased Þjazi, and Skaði married the god Njörðr as part of the compensation provided by the gods for killing her father Þjazi.
Freyr's father Njörðr and, in verse, the goddess Skaði tell Skírnir to find out what is the matter with Freyr.
In Snorri Sturluson's Haustlöng ( source ) Njörðr is married to the giantess Skaði as part of the compensation provided to her by the Æsir for killing her father, Þjazi.
Njörðr and deities
This has led to theories about the relation of the two, including that Njörðr may have once been a hermaphroditic deity or that the name may indicate an otherwise unattested divine brother and sister pair such as the Vanir deities Freyja and Freyr.
Njörðr and Freyr
In Norse mythology there are themes of brother-sister marriage, a prominent example being between Njörðr and his unnamed sister ( perhaps Nerthus ), parents of Freyja and Freyr.
In the prose introduction to the poem Skírnismál, Freyr is mentioned as the son of Njörðr, and stanza 2 cites the goddess Skaði as the mother of Freyr.
Loki tells Njörðr to " stop " and " keep some moderation ," and that he " won't keep it a secret any longer " that Njörðr's son Freyr was produced with his unnamed sister, " though you'd expect him to be worse than he is.
Njörðr then sends for Skírnir to find out who he seems to be so angry at, and, not looking forward to being treated roughly, Skírnir reluctantly goes to Freyr.
Chapter 7 follows and provides various kennings for Freyr, including referring to him as the son of Njörðr.
For their part, the Vanir send to the Æsir their most " outstanding men "; Njörðr, described as wealthy, and Freyr, described as his son, in exchange for the Æsir's Hœnir.
Further into chapter 4, Odin appoints Njörðr and Freyr as priests of sacrificial offerings, and they became gods among the Æsir.
In the saga, Njörðr is described as having once wed his unnamed sister while he was still among the Vanir, and the couple produced their children Freyr and Freyja from this union, though this custom was forbidden among the Æsir.
In stanza 17, Egill writes that all others watch in marvel how Arinbjörn gives out wealth, as he has been so endowed by the gods Freyr and Njörðr.
This has led to theories about the relation of the two, including that Njörðr may have once been a hermaphroditic god or, generally considered more likely, that the name may indicate an otherwise unattested divine brother and sister pair such as Freyr and Freyja.
Depictions include " Freyr und Gerda ; Skade und Niurd " ( drawing, 1883 ) by K. Ehrenberg, " Njörðr " ( 1893 ) by Carl Frederick von Saltza, " Skadi " ( 1901 ) by E. Doepler d. J., and " Njörd's desire of the Sea " ( 1908 ) by W. G. Collingwood.
The first toast was to be drunk to Odin " for victory and power to the king ", the second to the gods Njörðr and Freyr " for good harvests and for peace ", and thirdly a beaker was to be drunk to the king himself.
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