Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( äl ' fred bern ' härd nōbel ') () ( 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896 ) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.

Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel ( 1801 – 1872 ), an inventor and engineer, and Andriette Ahlsell Nobel ( 1805 – 1889 ).

Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck ( 1630 – 1702 ), and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age.

Dogged by more minor accidents but unfazed, Nobel went on to build further factories, focusing on improving the stability of the explosives he was developing.

Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will.

Bertha von Suttner was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize, ' for her sincere peace activities '.

Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr ( diatomaceous earth ) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as ' dynamite '.

Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite.

Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds and was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the Age of Engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health.

Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature " for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times ".< ref >

Alexis Carrel ( June 28, 1873 – November 5, 1944 ) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques.

While there he collaborated with American physician Charles Claude Guthrie in work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs as well as the head, and Carrel was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for these efforts.

Fleming's Nobel Prize medal was acquired by the National Museums of Scotland in 1989 and is on display after the museum re-opened in 2011.

Aage Niels Bohr (; 19 June 1922 – 9 September 2009 ) was a Danish nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate, and the son of the famous physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr.

It developed a good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Paul Karrer, and Werner Arber, as well as several Swiss politicians and authors.

A Nobel Prize was awarded to Earl Sutherland in 1971 for discovering the key role of AC-III in human liver, where adrenaline indirectly stimulates AC to mobilize stored energy in the " fight or flight " response.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.

These include: In 1959 he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; in 1967 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences ; the ACM's Turing Award for making " basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing " ( 1975 ); the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics " for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations " ( 1978 ); the National Medal of Science ( 1986 ); and the APA's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology ( 1993 ).

The IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former U. S. Vice President Al Gore, who had earlier criticised Pachauri when he was first elected in 2002.

Burma came under increasing international pressure to convene the elected assembly, particularly after Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, and also faced economic sanctions.

* Sir John Cockcroft, joint recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles, was elected as the first president in 1967, though he died suddenly ten days later.

The other Nobel Prizes were to be awarded by Swedish bodies ( Swedish Academy, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Karolinska Institutet ) that already existed, whereas the responsibility for the Peace Prize was given to the Norwegian Parliament, specifically " a committee of five persons to be elected " by it.

In 1968 he was elected to the Athens Academy as a full member and in 1969 and 1970 he was put forward by the President of the French Council of State, René Cassin, as a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize.

He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1950 and in 1967 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries in vision.

Nor has there ever been a Nobel Prize winner elected Governor in the United States.

In 1980, he was elected to become a teacher at the prestigious Collège de France, and in 1987 was awarded the Nobel Prize, alongside Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen for his works on cryptands.

Löwdin was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1969 and was a member of the committee for the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1972 to 1984.

The Director, Michael Sohlman, of the Nobel Foundation and the elected head of the Nobel family disapproved to the institution of the so called ' Dr.

This company became Nobel Industries Limited ; and in 1926 became a founding member of Imperial Chemical Industries.

A friend of Nernst's, Wilhelm Palmær, was a member of the Nobel Chemistry Committee.

There is evidence that he used the Nobel nominating and reporting procedures to block a Nobel Prize for Lewis in thermodynamics by nominating Lewis for the prize three times, and then using his position as a committee member to write negative reports.

* Andrew Weaver, one of the world's leading climate researchers, member of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which was co-awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize along with former U. S. vice president Al Gore, and member of the British Columbia's Climate Action Team

* Dr. Adil Najam, member of the United Nations ' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) which was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize for Peace.

* According to Harold Pinter, Nobel Laureate and member of the Stop the War Coalition, " John Pilger is fearless.

* 1986 Selected as member of the International Council of Elders, a society developed by the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize.

He was a founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, and was co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize, with David Trimble.

Former faculty member Frederick Banting received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of insulin.

He was also a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1985 to 1993.

It is associated with five Nobel laureates, 104 Rhodes scholars and is a member of the Group of Eight, as well as the sandstone universities.

List of Nobel laureates in Economics | Nobel laureate Robert Solow, a faculty member since 1949

He is a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an NGO Composed of a number of former statesmen, ex-presidents and Prime Ministers founded in 2004 by former State President of South Africa and Nobel Prize laureate F. W. de Klerk.

Gary Yohe, current Professor of Economics, is a senior member and convening lead author of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize-winning United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

In his book, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman !, the late physics Nobel Prize laureate Richard P. Feynman described his experiences as a member of a committee that evaluated science textbooks.

According to Shirin Ebadi – an Iranian lawyer and former judge who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003, and later became the main representative of Kazemi's family at the trial over Kazemi's death – when a prison staff member saw Kazemi taking photographs he demanded that she give him her camera, as photography is prohibited in front of the prison.

Kapuściński's candidature for the Nobel Prize was spearheaded by Józef Czyrek, member of the Communist Party's Politburo and Minister of Foreign Affairs during the dictatorship of General Jaruzelski.

* Pierre-Gilles de Gennes ( 1976 – 2003 ), Nobel laureate, member of the French Academy of Sciences

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, ForMemRS (; October 4, 1916 – November 8, 2009 ) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb.

He was a member of the IPCC jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore in 2007.