# In the Middle Ages Roscellin of Compiegne, the founder of Nominalism, who argued like Philoponus that unless the Three Persons are tres res, the whole Trinity must have been incarnate, was refuted by St. Anselm.

According to Realism, and in contrast to Nominalism, things such as " green " and " big " were known as universals, which had a real existence in an abstract realm, as described by Plato.

It is a curious commentary on the theories of Duns Scotus that one pupil, Francis, should have taken this course, while another pupil, William of Occam, should have used his arguments in a diametrically opposite direction and ended in extreme Nominalism.

Not less sharp was the separation over Nominalism and Realism.

Nominalism is a metaphysical view in philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and predicates exist, while universals or abstract objects, which are sometimes thought to correspond to these terms, do not exist.

Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals, which dates back at least to Plato, and is opposed to realism — the view that universals do exist over and above particulars.

Nominalism arose in reaction to the problem of universals, specifically accounting for the fact that some things are of the same type.

Nominalism denies the existence of universals.

Nominalism was first formulated as a philosophical theory in the Middle Ages.

" Logical Atomism, Nominalism, and Modal Logic ", Synthese.

" Nominalism in Metaphysics ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed .).

" Nominalism in Metaphysics ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed .).

* Richard Utz and Terry Barakat, " Medieval Nominalism and the Literary Questions: Selected Studies.

Nominalism and conceptualism are the main forms of anti-realism about universals.

* Langer, Ullrich, " Charity and the Singular: The Object of Love in Rabelais ," in: Nominalism and Literary Discourse, ed.

* Gerald Seaman, " Signs of a New Literary Paradigm: The ' Christian ' Figures in Chrétien de Troyes ," in: Nominalism and Literary Discourse, ed.

Heiko Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001.

* Maurice De Wulf: " Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism.

Intermediate between Nominalism and Realism, the conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside of the mind's perception of them.

* Roscellinus (~ 1050-~ 1122 ), philosopher and theologian, often regarded as the founder of Nominalism

His major books include The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism ( 1963 ), which articulated his program of bridging the gap between the later Middle Ages and Reformation era ( at least in the field of theology ), and an iconoclastic biography of Luther, translated from German as Luther: Man between God and the Devil ( 1989 ).

Nominalism deprives people of a measure of universal truth, so that each man becomes his own " priest and ethics professor " ( Scotchie 5 ).

Besides I heard her old uncle that stays there has been doin' it ''.

Southern resentment has been over the method of its ending, the invasion, and Reconstruction ; ;

The situation of the South since 1865 has been unique in the western world.

The North should thank its stars that such has been the case ; ;

As it is, they consider that the North is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism, that in spite of its high standard of living the `` American way '' has been proved inferior to the English and Scandinavian ways, although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter.

In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '', the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform.

For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.

Labor relations have been transformed, income security has become a standardized feature of political platforms, and all the many facets of the American version of the welfare state have become part of the conventional wisdom.

Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.

In recent weeks, as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the Kennedy Administration, basic United States strategy has been modified -- and large new sums allocated -- to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible.

The malignancy of such a landscape has been beautifully described by the Australian Charles Bean.

There has probably always been a bridge of some sort at the southeastern corner of the city.

Even though in most cases the completion of the definitive editions of their writings is still years off, enough documentation has already been assembled to warrant drawing a new composite profile of the leadership which performed the heroic dual feats of winning American independence and founding a new nation.

Madison once remarked: `` My life has been so much a public one '', a comment which fits the careers of the other six.

Thus we are compelled to face the urbanization of the South -- an urbanization which, despite its dramatic and overwhelming effects upon the Southern culture, has been utterly ignored by the bulk of Southern writers.

But the South is, and has been for the past century, engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which, oddly enough, is not reflected in its literature.

An example of the changes which have crept over the Southern region may be seen in the Southern Negro's quest for a position in the white-dominated society, a problem that has been reflected in regional fiction especially since 1865.

In the meantime, while the South has been undergoing this phenomenal modernization that is so disappointing to the curious Yankee, Southern writers have certainly done little to reflect and promote their region's progress.

Faulkner culminates the Southern legend perhaps more masterfully than it has ever been, or could ever be, done.

The `` approximate '' is important, because even after the order of the work has been established by the chance method, the result is not inviolable.

But it has been during the last two centuries, during the scientific revolution, that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides.

In the life sciences, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease, in the mechanisms of heredity, and in bio- and physiological chemistry.

Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking, but where some explanations are possible, as with lightning and weather and earthquakes, the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated.

The persistent horror of having a malformed child has, I believe, been reduced, not because we have gained any control over this misfortune, but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it.