# REDIRECT Non-judicial punishment

# REDIRECT Non-judicial punishment

Non-judicial punishment or " NJP " permits commanders to administratively discipline troops without a court-martial.

Non-judicial punishment proceedings are known by different terms among the services.

Soldiers that violate military regulations may also receive penalties in form of Non-judicial punishment or in severe cases judicial punishments by a special type of court.

# REDIRECT Non-judicial punishment

In the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, corporal punishment administered to children by their parent or legal guardian is not legally considered to be assault unless it is deemed to be excessive or unreasonable.

Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60 % of the world's population live in countries where executions take place, such as the People's Republic of China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia, the four most-populous countries in the world, which continue to apply the death penalty ( although in India, Indonesia and in many US states it is rarely employed ).

The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, also condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life.

The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

* 1969 – Capital punishment in the United Kingdom: Home Secretary James Callaghan's motion to make permanent the Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965, which had temporarily suspended capital punishment in England, Wales and Scotland for murder ( but not for all crimes ) for a period of five years.

During the 19th century criminal law reform incrementally reduced the number of capital offences to five ( see Capital punishment in the United Kingdom ), and forfeiture for felony was abolished by the Forfeiture Act 1870.

* 1924 – Capital punishment: The first state execution in the United States by gas chamber takes place in Nevada.

Adjusting the scores down if an old test has been used can mean preventing capital punishment since in the United States a diagnosis of mental retardation prevents execution.

* 1977 – Convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by a firing squad in Utah, ending a ten-year moratorium on capital punishment in the United States.

That the Constitution of the United States, having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies, and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations, and no other crimes, whatsoever ; and it being true as a general principle, and one of the amendments to the Constitution having also declared, that " the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people ," therefore the act of Congress, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, and intitled " An Act in addition to the act intitled An Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States ," as also the act passed by them on the — day of June, 1798, intitled " An Act to punish frauds committed on the bank of the United States ," ( and all their other acts which assume to create, define, or punish crimes, other than those so enumerated in the Constitution ,) are altogether void, and of no force watsoever.

Gaddafi applauded the murder and remarked that it was a " punishment " for Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords with the United States and Israel.

Category: Capital punishment in the United States

* 1994 – American teenager Michael P. Fay is caned in Singapore for theft and vandalism, a punishment that many in the United States deemed to be excessive for a teenager committing a non-violent crime.

In the United States, misdemeanors are typically crimes with a maximum punishment of 12 months of incarceration, typically in a local jail as contrasted with felons, who are typically incarcerated in a prison.

* 1998 – Capital punishment in the United Kingdom, already abolished for murder, is completely abolished for all remaining capital offences.

* 1984 – Capital punishment: Velma Barfield becomes the first woman executed in the United States since 1962.

However, the new government of president Ernest Bai Koroma quickly amended the laws against drug trafficking in the country, updating the existing legislation from those inherited at independence in 1961, to address the international concerns, increasing punishment for offenders both in terms of higher, if not prohibitive, fines, lengthier prison terms and provision for possible extradition of offenders wanted elsewhere, including to the United States.

In this way, the United States Supreme Court " set the standard that a punishment would be cruel and unusual it was too severe for the crime, it was arbitrary, if it offended society's sense of justice, or if it was not more effective than a less severe penalty.

* Capital punishment in the United States

States with capital punishment rewrote their laws to address the Supreme Court's decision, and the Court then revisited the issue in a murder case: Gregg v. Georgia,.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

* July 3 – Gregg v. Georgia: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the death penalty is not inherently cruel or unusual and is a constitutionally acceptable form of punishment.

* June 29 – Furman v. Georgia: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that capital punishment is unconstitutional.

In most places that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice.

Capital punishment, actions taken against armed civilians during mob action or riot, and the deaths of noncombatants killed during attacks on military targets so long as the primary target is military, are not considered democide.

* Emperor Taizong of Tang issues a decree throughout China that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves ( most commonly breaking their own legs ) in order to avoid military conscription.

In 2000, capital punishment was abolished also from the military code of Malta.

" In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of constitutional rights:

Waves of popular violence accompanied liberation in November and December 1918 and the government responded through the judiciary punishment of collaboration with the enemy conducted between 1919 and 1921, mainly by military and civil tribunals.

A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment.

Capital punishment in Canada was abolished generally in 1976, and for military offences in 1998.

All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens ; those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.

Except for the punishment of desertion, which was made a felony by statute in the reign of Henry VI, these ordinances or Articles of War remained almost the sole authority for the enforcement of discipline until 1689, when the first Mutiny Act was passed and the military forces of the crown were brought under the direct control of parliament.

After a series of bloody, random massacres and bombings by Muslim Algerians in several towns and cities, the French Pieds-Noirs and urban French population began to demand that the French government engage in sterner countermeasures, including the proclamation of a state of emergency, capital punishment for political crimes, denunciation of all separatists, and most ominously, a call for ' tit-for-tat ' reprisal operations by police, military, and para-military forces.

Execution by firing squad, sometimes called fusillading ( from the French fusil, rifle ), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war.

The method is often the supreme punishment or disciplinary means employed by military courts martial for crimes such as cowardice, desertion or mutiny.

Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom was limited to times of war, armed insurrection and within the military, although it is now outlawed in all circumstances, along with all other forms of capital punishment.

The article also prohibits forced labour, with exceptions for criminal punishment, military service and civil obligations.

The United States has made reservations that none of the articles should restrict the right of free speech and association ; that the US government may impose capital punishment on any person other than a pregnant woman, including persons below the age of 18 ; that " cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment " refers to those treatments or punishments prohibited by the Fifth, Eighth and / or Fourteenth Amendments to the US Constitution ; that Paragraph 1, Article 15 will not apply ; and that, notwithstanding paragraphs 2 ( b ) and 3 of Article 10 and paragraph 4 of Article 14, the US government may treat juveniles as adults, and accept volunteers to the military prior to the age of 18.

The Alain Charnier character is based upon Jean Jehan who was arrested later in Paris for drug trafficking, though he was not extradited ; the director credits a general lack of punishment to Jehan's military service with Charles de Gaulle.

One of few countries where corporal punishment is still officially used in the armed forces is Singapore, where military legislation provides that errant soldiers can be sentenced by court-martial to strokes of the cane.

He is a strong supporter of capital punishment and a strong military.

Teachers or prefects in schools traditionally carried less elaborate canes which marked their right ( and potential threat ) to administer canings, and military officers carry a residual threat of physical punishment in their swagger sticks.