Even though scientific research is not their main goal, many amateur astronomers make a contribution to astronomy by monitoring variable stars, tracking asteroids and discovering transient objects, such as comets.

Amateur astronomy is usually associated with viewing the night sky when most celestial objects and events are visible, but sometimes amateur astronomers also operate during the day for events such as sunspots and solar eclipses.

Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers, and a variety of deep sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae.

* Siddhasena Divākara ( 5th Century CE ), Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra ( on Logic ) and Sanmatisūtra ( dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge )

To find such objects astrometrically, astronomers use telescopes to survey the sky and large-area cameras to take pictures at various determined intervals.

Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make objects such as tools, weapons, and nails.

Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for plating objects with precious metals, called gilding, such as armor and mirrors.

An equivalent definition is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with an angular frequency of radians per day ; or that length such that, when used to describe the positions of the objects in the Solar System, the heliocentric gravitational constant ( the product GM < sub >☉</ sub >) is equal to ()< sup > 2 </ sup > AU < sup > 3 </ sup >/ d < sup > 2 </ sup >.

For nearby astronomical objects ( such as stars in our galaxy ) luminosity distance D < sub > L </ sub > is almost identical to the real distance to the object, because spacetime within our galaxy is almost Euclidean.

One of the significant parts in aeronautics is a branch of physical science called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft.

People can appreciate a Renaissance Madonna for aesthetic reasons, but such objects often had ( and sometimes still have ) specific devotional functions.

Representations of angels on sarcophagi and on objects such as lamps and reliquaries of that period also show them without wings, as for example the angel in the Sacrifice of Isaac scene in the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus.

Finnic languages, such as Finnish and Estonian, have two cases to mark objects, the accusative and the partitive case.

An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.

The modern conservation lab uses equipment such as microscopes, spectrometers, and x-ray machines to better understand objects and their components.

( b ) Sacred furniture, such as models or actual examples of ritual objects ; of these we have also numerous pictorial representations.

Chains of abstractions can therefore be constructed moving from neural impulses arising from sensory perception to basic abstractions such as color or shape to experiential abstractions such as a specific cat to semantic abstractions such as the " idea " of a CAT to classes of objects such as " mammals " and even categories such as " object " as opposed to " action ".

The concept of an abelian group is one of the first concepts encountered in undergraduate abstract algebra, with many other basic objects, such as a module and a vector space, being its refinements.

" This local zinc was used in speltering and allowed greater control over the zinc content of brass and the production of high zinc copper alloys which would have been difficult or impossible to produce using cementation, for use in expensive objects such as scientific instruments, clocks, brass buttons and costume jewellery.

Black is the color of objects that do not emit or reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum ; they absorb all such frequencies of light.

He also often employed inanimate objects in his films, often transforming them into other objects in an almost surreal way, such as in The Pawnshop ( 1916 ) and One A. M. ( 1916 ), where Chaplin is the only actor aside Chester Conklin's brief appearance in the very first scene.

These viscous forces cause friction drag on streamlined objects, and for bluff bodies the additional result is flow separation and a low-pressure wake behind the object, leading to form drag.

They are grouped with the outer bodies — centaurs, Neptune trojans, and trans-Neptunian objects — as minor planets, which is the term preferred in astronomical circles.

Following the discovery, starting in the 1990s, of other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto began to be seen not as a planet orbiting alone at 40 AU, but as the largest of a group of icy bodies in that region of space.

The first collisional family — a group of objects thought to be remnants from the breakup of a single body — is the Haumea family It includes Haumea, its moons, and seven smaller bodies .< sup >†</ sup > The objects not only follow similar orbits but also share similar physical characteristics.

power and necessity ... are ... qualities of perceptions, not of objects ... felt by the soul and not perceived externally in bodies

The expression of causal necessity is a " projection " of the functional change onto the objects involved in the causal connection: in Hume's words, " nothing is more usual than to apply to external bodies every internal sensation which they occasion.

A small proportion of dark matter may be baryonic dark matter: astronomical bodies, such as massive compact halo objects, that are composed of ordinary matter but which emit little or no electromagnetic radiation.

This includes the forces we experience in " pushing " or " pulling " ordinary material objects, which come from the intermolecular forces between the individual molecules in our bodies and those in the objects.

Unbound free-floating planetary-mass bodies in the Milky Way may number in the trillions, with 100, 000 objects larger than Pluto for every main-sequence star .< ref > Nomads of the Galaxy, Louis E. Strigari, Matteo Barnabe, Philip J. Marshall, Roger D. Blandford ; estimates 700 objects > 10 < sup >- 6 </ sup > Solar masses (≈ a Mars mass ) per main sequence star between 0. 08 and 1 Solar mass, of which there are billions in the Milky Way .</ ref >

There also exist planetary-mass objects that orbit brown dwarfs and other bodies that " float free " in space not bound to any star ; however, the term " planet " is not always applied to these objects.

Major projects attempted to encode wide bodies of general knowledge ; for example the " Cyc " project ( still ongoing ) went through a large encyclopedia, encoding not the information itself, but the information a reader would need in order to understand the encyclopedia: naive physics ; notions of time, causality, motivation ; commonplace objects and classes of objects.

This explanation unified the motion of celestial bodies and motion of objects on earth.

Plutinos are the largest class of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects ( i. e. bodies in orbital resonances with Neptune ).

Doppler effects are used which allows slow moving objects to be detected as well as largely eliminating " noise " from the surfaces of bodies of water.

The SSN tracks objects that are 10 centimeters in diameter or larger ; those now orbiting Earth range from satellites weighing several tons to pieces of spent rocket bodies weighing only 10 pounds.

While the relatively dimmer bodies, as well as the population as the whole, are reddish ( V-I = 0. 3 – 0. 6 ), the bigger objects are often more neutral in colour ( infrared index V-I < 0. 2 ).

The rise of the Copernican view of the world led to the resurgence of the Platonic idea that like objects attract but in the context of heavenly bodies.

At this distance the blast would cause very few direct casualties as the human body is resistant to sheer overpressure, however, the powerful winds produced by this overpressure are capable of throwing human bodies into objects or throwing objects at high velocity, both with lethal results, rendering casualties highly dependent on surroundings.

Second, it could give her the experience of an engineer who specializes in the interaction between bodies and material objects.

The resulting surfaces have a characteristic ' flat ' appearance when no additional tricks are used, as if objects in the scene were all painted with matte finish.

Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance.

For flat mirrors, the law of reflection implies that images of objects are upright and the same distance behind the mirror as the objects are in front of the mirror.

Mathematical description of the surface area is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length or polyhedra ( objects with flat polygonal faces ) the surface area is the sum of the areas of its faces.

Neutral objects present a flat spectrum, reflecting as much red and infrared as visible spectrum.

If this is so, conventional relativistic effects such as time dilation would not apply in the way they would in the case of a ship moving at a very great velocity through flat spacetime, relative to other objects.

The gravitational attraction can be viewed as the motion of undisturbed objects in a background curved geometry or alternatively as the response of objects to a force in a flat geometry.

In 2000, the touring exhibition ' Scythian Gold ' introduced the North American public to the objects made for Scythian nomads by Greek craftsmen north of the Black Sea, and buried with their Scythian owners under burial mounds on the flat plains of present-day Ukraine, most of them unearthed after 1980.

Were the Earth flat, light rays that bend down would soon hit the ground and only nearby objects would be affected.

Large objects such as cookpots often cannot lie flat if stacked with other plates and dishes, resulting in less than thorough removal of baked-on food due to indirect water spray on the surfaces.

All versions of FASM can directly output any of the following: flat " raw " binary ( usable also as DOS COM executable or SYS driver ), objects: Executable and Linkable Format ( ELF ) or Common Object File Format ( COFF ) ( classic or MS-specific ), or executables in either MZ, ELF, or Portable Executable ( PE ) format ( including WDM drivers, allows custom MZ DOS stub ).

Older wood carving is typically relief or pierced work on flat objects for architectural use, such as screens, doors, roofs, beams and friezes.

In other cases, objects that meet at a flat face must necessarily also meet at an angle elsewhere, hence the overall collision detection will be able to find the collision.

As it is of the nature of paintings to be flat objects with canvas surfaces onto which colored pigment is applied, such things as figuration, 3-D perspective illusion and references to external subject matter were all found to be extraneous to the essence of painting, and ought to be removed.

Still-life: Autumn Fashion ( 1978 ) contains a variety of different styles — some objects have heavy black outlines and flat colour, but a bowl of oysters is depicted more realistically, and other areas are executed with looser brushwork.

Other heads are known, including the blunt head, which is flat at the end and is used for hunting small game or birds, and is designed to not pierce the target nor embed itself in trees or other objects and make recovery difficult.

* Cardellini clamp – jaw-style clamp that clamps onto round, square, or rectangular tubing ; or onto flat objects, such as dimensional lumber or plywood sheets — to mount motion picture lights, or grip equipment such as gobo heads

Further, the objects persist in very large, flat virtual memory, called a single-level store.

A common analogy involves the way that a dip in a flat sheet of rubber, caused by a heavy object sitting on it, influences the path taken by small objects rolling nearby, causing them to deviate inward from the path they would have followed had the heavy object been absent.

It originally meant " to open up " or " to spread " as a arching bow, but as a common noun in modern use it is a measure word for flat objects such as paper and cloth, like the English " sheet of ".

For example, many flat objects such as tables, papers, beds, and benches use the classifier () zhāng, whereas many long and thin objects use () tiáo.