The instrument is also played in Great Britain ( Wales, East Anglia, Northumbria ) and the U. S., where its traditional use in folk music saw a notable revival in the late 20th Century.

* In The Vikings, a film of 1958, Ragnar, played by Ernest Borgnine, is captured by King Aella of Northumbria and cast into a pit of ferocious dogs.

His son Einar ( presumably a variation of the historical Ivar ), played by Kirk Douglas, vows revenge and conquers Northumbria.

Regional tensions within Northumbria between the two traditional divisions, Bernicia and Deira, appear to have played a part, as churchmen in Bernicia favoured the Celtic method of dating and those in Deira may have leaned towards the Roman method.

The Holy Island of Lindisfarne played an essential role in the Christianisation of Northumbria, after Aidan from Connacht founded a monastery there as the first Bishop of Lindisfarne on the request of King Oswald.

Perhaps Wulfstan played the part of ' king-maker ' in Northumbrian politics in the mid-10th century, or perhaps he was guided by self-preservation and the interests of the Church in Northumbria.

Since 2010 they have played all home games at the 3, 000 capacity Sport Central arena at Northumbria University in the city.

Initially the kingdom was evangelized by monks from the Celtic Church, which led to a flowering of monastic life, and Northumbria played an important role in the formation of Insular art, a unique style combining Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Byzantine and other elements.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Northumbria during its " golden age " was the most important centre of religious learning and arts in the British Isles.

In the remaining part of the first millennium, Carlisle continued to serve as an important stronghold within several entities who warred over the area including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria.

An important source for this period in Kentish history is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written in 731 by Bede, a Benedictine monk from Northumbria.

During Chad's lifetime the most important conflict was between Northumbria and Mercia.

During the 7th century these northern areas, particularly Northumbria, became important sites of learning, with monasteries acting like early schools and intellectuals such as Bede being influential.

Her political prowess also proved important in rectifying a dispute between the then King of Northumbria, her nephew Ecgfrith, who had succeeded his father Oswui in 670, and the Bishop Wilfrid.

The important artistic centres, in so far as these can be established, were concentrated in the extremities of England, in Northumbria, especially in the early period, and Wessex and Kent near the south coast.

The 9th century, especially the latter half, has very few major survivals made in England, but was a period when Insular and Anglo-Saxon influence on Carolingian manuscripts was at its height, from scriptoria such as those at the Anglo-Saxon mission's foundation at Echternach Abbey ( though the important Echternach Gospels were created in Northumbria ), and the major monastery at Tours, where Alcuin of York was followed by another Anglo-Saxon abbot, between them covering the period from 796 to 834.

This diversity suggests the gradual end of the role of Wessex as a focal point and trend-setter for writers and scribes, the emergence of more distinct local scribal styles and written dialects, and a general pattern of transition of activity over the centuries that followed, as Northumbria, East Anglia, and London successively emerged as major centres of English literature, each with their own particular interests.

In political terms he is a partisan of his native Northumbria, amplifying its role in English history over and above that of Mercia, its great southern rival.

It uses a distinctive form of the general Celtic Early Medieval development of La Tène style with increasing influences from the Insular art of 7th and 8th century Ireland and Northumbria, and then Anglo-Saxon and Irish art as the Early Medieval period continues.

The period saw the flowering of Insular art in Northumbria and produced the Lindisfarne Gospels, perhaps begun in Aldfrith's time, the scholarship of Bede, and the beginnings of the Anglo-Saxon missions to the continent.

Especially in Northumbria, the Insular art style shared across the British Isles produced much of the finest work being produced in Europe until the Viking raids and invasions largely suppressed the movement ; the Book of Lindisfarne is one example certainly produced in Northumbria.

The Kingdom of Northumbria in the far north of England was the crucible of Insular style in Britain, at centres such as Lindisfarne, founded c. 635 as an offshoot of the Irish monastery on Iona, and Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey ( 674 ) which looked to the continent.

Early Anglo-Saxon manuscript illumination forms part of Insular art, a combination of influences from Mediterranean, Celtic and Germanic styles that arose when the Anglo-Saxons encountered Irish missionary activity in Northumbria, at Lindisfarne and Iona in particular.

In the monasteries of Northumbria these skills fused and were probably transmitted back to Scotland and Ireland from there, also influencing the Anglo-Saxon art of the rest of England.

All the Viking coinage appears to have emanated from the mint at York, a mark of the city's unique status in Northumbria as an economic magnet.

Yorkshire folk song lacked the unique instrumental features of folk in areas like Northumbria and was chiefly distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song ‘ On Ilkla Moor Baht ' at ’, probably written in the later 19th century and using a Kent folk tune ( almost certainly borrowed via a Methodist hymnal ), but often seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem.

It can be seen as having distinct regional and local variations in content and style, particularly in areas more removed from the cultural and political centres of the English state, as in Northumbria, or the West Country.

Billy Purvis ( 1784-1853 ) one of the last travelling minstrel pipers of the south of Scotland and the north east of England. Northumbria possesses a distinctive style of folk music with a flourishing and continuing tradition.

However, Bede gives little concrete information about the work of Chad in Mercia, implying that in style and substance it was a continuation of what he had done in Northumbria.

His death is reported in the usual brief style by the annalists, except for the continuator of Bede in Northumbria, possibly relying upon a Dál Riata source, who wrote: Óengus, king of the Picts, died.

The peak of the style in manuscripts occurred when Irish Celtic missionaries traveled to Northumbria in the 7th and 8th centuries.

Alfred the Great's victory at Edington in 878 stemmed the Danish attack ; however, by then Northumbria had devolved into Bernicia and a Viking kingdom, Mercia had been split down the middle, and East Anglia ceased to exist as an Anglo-Saxon polity.

Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of the former Anglo-Saxon earl Waltheof.

Northumbria () was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England.

Northumbria was formed by Æthelfrith in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times.

Ethelwin, the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Durham, tried to flee Northumbria at the time of the raid, with Northumbrian treasures.

Mercia's exact evolution at the start of the Anglo-Saxon era is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex.

Saint Cuthbert ( c. 634 – 20 March 687 ) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit, associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria.

In Cuthbert's time the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria included, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth.

Cuthbert was " a figure of reconciliation and a rallying point for the reformed identity of Northumbria and England " after the absorption of the Danish populations into Anglo-Saxon society, as Michelle Brown puts it.

For a brief period following a victory over the rival kingdom of Northumbria around the year 616, East Anglia was the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, and its King Raedwald was Bretwalda ( overlord of the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms ).

Penny of EadredUnder the entry for the year 946, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Eadred " reduced all the land of Northumbria to his control ; and the Scots granted him oaths that they would do all that he wanted.

Northumbrian Old English had been established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century, as the region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.

Richard North theorizes that glossing Latin vanitates (" vanities ", " idols ") for " gods " in Old English sources implies the existence of * uuani ( a reconstructed cognate to Old Norse Vanir ) in Deiran dialect and hence that the gods that Edwin of Northumbria and the northern Angles worshiped in pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon England were likely to have been the * uuani.

Monks from Iona under St. Aidan founded the See of Lindisfarne in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria in 635, whence Celtic practice heavily influenced northern England.

Tostig Godwinson ( died 25 September 1066 ) was an Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and brother of King Harold Godwinson.

Aldhelm was the first Anglo-Saxon, so far as we know, to write in Latin verse, and his letter to Acircius ( Aldfrith or Eadfrith, king of Northumbria ) is a treatise on Latin prosody for the use of his countrymen.

The eastern part was within the Manor of Tottenham held by Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria, the last of the great Anglo-Saxon Earls.

The earliest surviving examples seem to come from the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, which had been converted to Christianity by Irish missionaries ; it remains unclear whether the form first developed in Ireland or Britain.

Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of the former Anglo-Saxon earl Waltheof.

In the Anglo-Saxon period, the Humber was a major boundary, separating Northumbria from the southern kingdoms.

Indeed, the name Northumbria came from Anglo-Saxon Norðhymbre ( plural ) = " the people north of the Humber ".

Wilfrid refused to be consecrated in Northumbria at the hands of Anglo-Saxon bishops.

By the early 670s, Wulfhere had become the most powerful king in southern Britain, with an effective hegemony over all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except for Northumbria.