Groups such as the Apache Software Foundation, OpenSAF, the ObjectWeb Consortium ( now OW2 ) and OASIS ' AMQP encourage the development of open source middleware.

The OW2 Consortium ( formed in January 2007 from the merger of the ObjectWeb Consortium and Orientware ) is a not-for-profit, international consortium mainly devoted to producing open source middleware, EAI, e-business, clustering, grid computing.

At the end of 2009, OW2 merged with the Open Solutions Alliance ( OSA ), a primarily U. S .- based consortium of open source software companies with the mission of fostering the adoption of open source software in enterprise level companies.

To this end, the software developed by OW2 complies with open standards established by independent bodies such as JCP, OMG or OSGi and grants open access to the source code by means of open source licenses.

The consortium opened the project to non-member contributors willing to donate open source code with permissive licensing and work to integrate their code with the rest of the OW2 Cloudware Stack.

Bull has also developed close R & D partnerships with leading-edge partners such as Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Novell-Suse, Oracle, Red Hat, SAP, EMC-VMWare and other corporations, as well as Open Source communities ( Linux Foundation, OW2, JBoss …), European R & D programs ( ITEA, Qualipso ...) and European competitiveness clusters ( Cap Digital, System @ tic ...).

Bull is a co-founder and a major contributor to the ObjectWeb consortium ( now known as OW2 ), which is now the leading international consortium dedicated to developing solutions that enable IT infrastructures to be aligned with a particular business logic or business activity.

ObjectWeb merged with Orientware to create OW2.

the Mozilla Foundation, home of the Firefox web browser ; and OW2, European-born community developing open-source middleware.

OW2 aims at developing high-quality open-source components for distributed applications ( Web applications, grid computing, clusters, business integration, nomadic systems, etc.

OW2 is devoted to developing distributed infrastructure software able to interconnect systems that are heterogeneous by nature.

Various components, developed by the OW2 consortium, are connected together into the JOnAS JEE server.

In May 2010, OW2 and its three founding members, INRIA, Groupe Bull, and France Télécom, launched the OW2 Open Source CloudWare Initiative.

She claims to have been a member of the Russian aristocracy before the Russian Revolution and suffered greatly as a result, but how much of that story is true is an open question.

Although the open source movement is working towards the same social benefits as the free software movement, Kelty claims that by disregarding this fundamental belief of the free software advocates, one is destroying the overall argument.

Khan claims that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early musketeers in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.

Flynn is transparent about his belief in racial equality in his work, but he advocates for open scientific debate about controversial social science claims.

At the time, Chinese officials issued no condemnation of Nehru's claims or made any opposition to Nehru's open declarations of control over Aksai Chin.

The Turkmen Government claims to have placed great emphasis on foreign economic relations and foreign trade and an " open door " trade policy, as declared by the President.

This is not a problem if the product's implementation is open and minimally encumbered, but it may as well be both closed and heavily encumbered ( e. g. by patent claims ).

Since Pupin's patent contained a ( less accurate ) formula, AT & T was open to claims of incomplete disclosure.

The related open Frame-Stewart conjecture claims that the Frame-Stewart algorithm always gives an optimal solution.

As Richardson claims, " I have been directed to chide, and even repulse, when an offence was either taken or given, at the very time that the heart of the chider or repulser was open before me, overflowing with esteem and affect ".

The Irish annals all agree that this was a particularly fierce and bloody engagement, although claims that it lasted from morning until midnight, or that the combined Leinster-Dublin force lost 4, 000 killed are open to question.

In a March 2010 article in the Chronicle of Higher Education, philosopher of science Michael Ruse claims that Plantinga is an " open enthusiast of intelligent design ".

After the abandonment, the English felt the area was now open to their claims.

Despite the warnings of the chief scientist that the chimps are infected with a virus dubbed " Rage ," which he claims is highly contagious and only takes one bite to spread, the activists open the cages anyway and release the chimpanzees.

Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or " backing "; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questions ( although which to apply it to is an ethical question ); the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process ; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either ; the separation of theology ( kalam ) and law ( shariah ) during the early Abbasid period, a precursor to secularism ; the distinction between religion and philosophy, marking the beginning of secular thought ; the beginning of a peer review process ; early ideas on evolution ; the beginnings of the scientific method, an important contribution to the philosophy of science ; the introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic ; the beginning of social philosophy, including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict ; the beginning of the philosophy of history ; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa ; and distinguishing between essence and existence.

Other important developments in early Islamic philosophy include the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or " backing ", and the development of a scientific method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questions.

Norwich City library was established in 1608 ( six years after Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleian Library, which was open to the " whole republic of the learned " and 145 years before the foundation of the British Museum ), and Chetham's Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653.

Norwich lays claims to being the first municipality to adopt the Public Libraries Act 1850 ( which allowed any municipal borough with a population of 100, 000 or more to introduce a halfpenny rate to establish public libraries — although not to buy books ), but theirs was the eleventh library to open, in 1857, being the eleventh in the country after Winchester, Manchester, Liverpool, Bolton, Kidderminster, Cambridge, Birkenhead and Sheffield.

" Reardon claims that Priest doesn't have any money for something like that as they open his briefcase.

The open politics theory emerged to counter the hype of the " open source politics " claims being made by very many politicians.

It will merge with St Helens RUFC in the 1980s but still claims to be the world's oldest " open " rugby football club.

It claims to be the world ’ s oldest " open " rugby football club given that Liverpool FC ( see 1857 in sports ) is no longer a single entity.

: claims to establish a lower bound of 26 gigaparsecs ( 85 billion light-years ) on the diameter of the whole universe, meaning the smallest possible diameter for the whole universe would be 98. 5 % of the diameter of the last scattering surface ( since this is only a lower bound, the paper leaves open the possibility that the whole universe is much larger, even infinite ).

Locarno divided borders in Europe into two categories: western, which were guaranteed by Locarno treaties, and eastern borders of Germany with Poland, which were open for revision, thus leading to German renewed claims to the Free City of Danzig and Polish territories approved by the League of Nations including the Polish Corridor, and Upper Silesia.

One early source claims that his surname was Drummond, but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely.

Anthropologist Dean Snow stated that though Franklin's Albany Plan may have drawn some inspiration from the Iroquois League, there is little evidence that either the Plan or the Constitution drew substantially from this source and argues that "... such claims muddle and denigrate the subtle and remarkable features of Iroquois government.

Other students argue that the Spanish version came first, regarding the Spanish preface's claims of an Italian source as intended to boost the work's credibility by linking it to the Papal libraries.

The refugees ' claims were unanimously rejected by the affected countries and became a source of mistrust between Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic.

The Grail is first featured in Perceval, le Conte du Graal ( The Story of the Grail ) by Chrétien de Troyes, who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count Philip of Flanders.

It was against this background that Josephus wrote his War, and although this work has often been dismissed as pro-Roman propaganda ( hardly a surprising view, given the source of his patronage ), he claims to be writing to counter anti-Judean accounts.

The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos ( Miller, 68 ).

The chronicler claims that a settlement was then concluded between the Emperor and the Bohemian ruler Boleslav II the Pious, which is not mentioned in any other source and is contrary to the realities of the political situation at that time.

However, pre-war claims of wide scale, long-lasting, and significant global environmental impacts were not borne out and found to be significantly exaggerated by the media and speculators, with climate models at the time of the fires predicting only more localized effects such as a daytime temperature drop of ~ 10 ° C within ~ 200 km of the source.

Wace claims he was not the source of the Round Table ; both he and Layamon credit it instead to the Bretons.

There is a possibility that Wace, contrary to his own claims, derived Arthur's round table not from any Breton source, but rather from medieval biographies of Charlemagne — notably Einhard's Vita Caroli and Notker the Stammerer's De Carolo Magno — in which the king is said to have possessed a round table decorated with a map of Rome.

One source, Dr. William S. Haubrich in his book Medical Meanings ( 1997, American College of Physicians ) claims that the name came from the Eastern United States.

The first published work documenting an oral history source was in 1999 and the first publishing is believed to be a 1980 children's book, so it is difficult to evaluate the veracity of these claims, which are not accepted by quilt historians or scholars of pre-Civil-War America.

According to Conway W. Henderson, " One source claims 14, 500 wars have taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, costing 3. 5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of peace ( Beer 1981: 20 ).

Although Alexander did give papal approval to the conquest after it succeeded, no other source claims papal support prior to the invasion.

Brewer's yeast is a good source of B-complex vitamins but, contrary to some claims, it contains little or no vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >.

Clement attributes his source to a " collection of marvels " by a certain " Monimos " of whom nothing is known, and claims, in pursuit of his thesis that daimon-worshipers become as cruel as their gods, that in " Pella of Thessaly human sacrifice is offered to Peleus and Cheiron, the victim being an Achaean ".

Another source instead claims that Freeman wanted to set a show in San Pedro, California until his friend Richard Boone convinced him to shoot it entirely in Hawaii.

A third source claims Freeman discussed the show with Governor Burns only after pitching the idea to CBS.

Idealism, ( associated with Plato and his school ), claims that there is a " higher " reality, from which certain people can directly arrive at truth without needing to rely only upon the senses, and that this higher reality is therefore the primary source of truth.

The bloodshed lasts for two weeks, and one contemporary source claims 20, 000 people are killed.

These claims are most likely exaggerated, as they do not appear in Sulla ’ s memoirs, a source that would seem biased against Marius.

** A Ponzi scheme claims to rely on some esoteric investment approach and often attracts well-to-do investors ; whereas pyramid schemes explicitly claim that new money will be the source of payout for the initial investments.

One source, the Burgundian chronicler Philippe de Commines, claims that Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried out the ceremony between Edward and Eleanor.