Montauban (; Montalban in Occitan ) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France.

Grasse (; Provençal Occitan: Grassa in classical norm ( and Italian ) or Grasso in Mistralian norm ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department ( of which it is a sub-prefecture ), on the French Riviera.

Toulon (; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm ) is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base.

Montpellier (; Occitan: Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France.

Aix-en-Provence (; Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm, or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm, ), or simply Aix (; " Ex ", medieval Occitan Aics ), is a city-commune in southern France, some north of Marseille.

Drôme (; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan ), a Department in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.

Isère (; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra ) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes ( Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan ) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.

Ardèche (; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha ) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.

Narbonne (; Occitan: Narbona ; ) is a commune in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.

Nîmes (; ; Provençal Occitan: Nimes ) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France.

Valence (; Occitan: Valença ) is a commune in southeastern France, the capital of the Drôme department, situated on the left bank of the Rhône, c. 100 km south of Lyon on the railway to Marseilles.

Baphomet (; from medieval Latin Baphometh, baffometi, Occitan Bafometz ) is an imagined The name Bafometz later appears around 1195 in the Occitan poem " Senhors, per los nostres peccatz " by the troubadour Gavaudan.

Midi-Pyrénées (; Occitan: Miègjorn-Pirenèus or Mieidia-Pirenèus ) is the largest region of metropolitan France by area, larger than the Netherlands or Denmark.

Annonay (; Anonai in Occitan ) is a commune in the north of the Ardèche department in the Rhône-Alpes region in southern France.

Castres (; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune, and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France.

Saint-Tropez (; Sant Tropetz in Occitan ) is a town, 104 km ( 65 mi ) to the east of Marseille, in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d ' Azur region of southeastern France.

Montélimar (; Latin name: Acumum, and Montelaimar in Occitan ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

In the Vivaro-Alpine dialect of Occitan, the town is known as Barcilona de Provença or more rarely Barciloneta according to the classical norm ; under the Mistralian norm it is called Barcilouna de Prouvença or Barcilouneto.

Little was thus done to form a regional coalition and the crusading army was able to take Carcassonne, the Trencavel capital, incarcerating Raymond Roger in his own citadel where he died, allegedly of natural causes ; champions of the Occitan cause from that day to this believe he was murdered.

The distinction between dialect and language has been made by scholars ( such as Francesco Bruni ): on the one hand are the languages that made up the Italian koine ; and on the other, those that had little or no part in it, such as Albanian, Greek, German, Ladin, and Occitan, which some minorities still speak.

It is interesting to note that Carolinian litanies ( ca 780 ), both written and sung in Latin, were answered to in Old Occitan by the audience ( Ora pro nos ; Tu lo juva ).

Other famous pieces include the Boecis, a 258-line-long poem written entirely in the Limousin dialect of Occitan between the year 1000 and 1030 and inspired by Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy ; the Waldensian La Nobla Leyczon ( dated 1100 ), la Cançó de Santa Fe ( ca 1054 – 1076 ), the Romance of Flamenca ( 13th c .), the Song of the Albigensian Crusade ( 1213 – 1219?

Italy adopted in 1999 a Linguistic Minorities Protection Law, or " Law 482 ", which includes Occitan ; however, Italian is the dominant language.

Avignon ( ; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm ) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river.

A total of seven Popes reigned at Avignon ; all were French ( effectively Occitan ), and all were increasingly under the influence of the French Crown.

The Garonne (, ; in Occitan, Catalan and Spanish: Garona ; or Garunna ) is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of.

Aquitaine (, ; ; ), archaic Guyenne / Guienne ( Occitan: Guiana ), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain.

* ager " field " > campus, originally " wild field " ( French / Romansh champ, Italian / Spanish / Portuguese campo, Occitan / Catalan camp, Romanian câmp ; but Galician agra, agrela " common field ", Romanian dial.

" in the cheek " ( French bouche, Romansh bucca, Italian bocca, Occitan / Catalan / Spanish / Portuguese boca " mouth ", and Romanian bucă " cheek ; buttock ")

James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire ; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276 ) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276.

A troubadour (, ;,, ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages ( 1100 – 1350 ).

Languedoc ( ; ; Occitan: Lengadòc ) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day régions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées in the south of France, and whose capital city was Toulouse, now in Midi-Pyrénées.

He died in November of that year, but the struggle continued under King Louis IX and the area was reconquered by 1229 ; the leading nobles made peace, culminating in the Treaty of Meaux-Paris in 1229, which was agreed the integration of the territory Occitan in the French crown.

René of Anjou ( Rei Rainièr in Occitan ) ( 16 January 1409 – 10 July 1480 ), also known as René I of Naples and Good King René ( French Le bon roi René ), was Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence ( 1434 – 1480 ), Count of Piedmont, Duke of Bar ( 1430 – 1480 ), Duke of Lorraine ( 1431 – 1453 ), King of Naples ( 1435 – 1442 ; titular 1442 – 1480 ), titular King of Jerusalem ( 1438 – 1480 ) and Aragon ( 1466 – 1480 ) ( including Sicily, Majorca, Corsica ).

Roquefort ( or ; ; from Occitan ròcafòrt ), sometimes spelled Rochefort in English, is a sheep milk blue cheese from the south of France, and together with Bleu d ' Auvergne, Stilton and Gorgonzola is one of the world's best-known blue cheeses.

In Valéian ( the dialect of Occitan spoken in the Ubaye Valley ), it is called Barcilouna de Prouvença or Barcilounéta.

The other members of the Bureau are all vice-presidents: Jill Evans ( Plaid Cymru ), Gustave Alirol ( Occitan Party ), Fabrizio Comencini ( Liga Veneta Repubblica ), Ana Miranda Paz ( Galician Nationalist Bloc ), Ian Hudghton ( Scottish National Party ), Sybren Posthumus ( Frisian National Party ), Sebastian Colio ( Basque Solidarity ), Dimitrios Ioannou ( Rainbow ), Rolf Granlund ( Future of Åland ), Reinhild Campidell ( South Tyrolean Freedom ) and Lucy Collyer ( Majorca Socialist Party ).

The name Occitan comes from lenga d ' òc ( i. e., òc language ), which comes from òc, the Occitan word for yes.

In his De vulgari eloquentia he wrote in Latin: " nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil " (" for some say òc, others sì, yet others oïl "), thereby highlighting three major Romance literary languages that were well known in Italy, based on each language's word for " yes ", the òc language ( Occitan ), the oïl language ( French ), and the sì language ( Italian ).

Evidence of a written account in Occitan from Pamplona revolving around the burning of borough San Nicolas has reached up to our days ( 1258 ), while the History of the War of Navarre by Guilhem Anelier ( 1276 ) albeit written in Pamplona shows a linguistic variant from Toulouse.

Occitan activists ( called Occitanists ) have attempted, in particular with the advent of Occitan-language preschools ( the Calandretas ), to reintroduce the language to the young.

A tourist in the cities in southern France is unlikely to hear a single Occitan word spoken on the street ( or, for that matter, in a home ), and is likely to only find the occasional vestige, such as street signs ( and, of those, most will have French equivalents more prominently displayed ), to remind them of the traditional language of the area.