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Occitan and was
Initially the source was Latin, later Gascon ( a branch of Occitan ) in the northeast, Navarro-Aragonese in the southeast and Spanish in the southwest.
Little was thus done to form a regional coalition and the crusading army was able to take Carcassonne, the Trencavel capital, incarcerating Raymond Roger in his own citadel where he died, allegedly of natural causes ; champions of the Occitan cause from that day to this believe he was murdered.
Simon's greatest triumph was the victory against superior numbers at the Battle of Muret — a battle which saw not only the defeat of Raymond of Toulouse and his Occitan allies — but also the death of Peter of Aragon — and the effective end of the ambitions of the house of Aragon / Barcelona in the Languedoc.
The Estampie (, Occitan and, ) is a medieval dance and musical form, it was a popular instrumental style of the 13th and 14th centuries.
The name comes from the Occitan word " merlot ", which means " young blackbird " (" merle " is the French word for several kinds of thrushes, including blackbirds ); the name was thought to have been given either because of the grape's beautiful dark-blue color, or the blackbirds ' fondness for grapes.
According to Joseph Anglade, a philologist and specialist of medieval literature who helped impose the then archaic term Occitan as the sole correct name, the word Lemosin was first used to designate the language at the beginning of the 13th century by Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Besalú in his Razós de trobar
The literary renaissance of the late 19th century ( which included a Nobel Prize for Frédéric Mistral ) was attenuated by the First World War, when Occitan speakers spent extended periods of time alongside French-speaking comrades.
They established themselves in ethnic boroughs where Occitan was used for everyday life, e. g. Pamplona, Sangüesa, Estella, etc.
While the language was chosen as a medium of prestige in records and official statements along with Latin in the early 13th century, Occitan faced competition from the rising local Romance vernacular, the Navarro-Aragonese, both orally and in writing, especially after Aragon's territorial conquests south to Saragossa, Huesca and Tudela between 1118 and 1134.
It resulted that a second Occitan immigration of this period was assimilated by the similar Navarro-Aragonese language, which at the same time was fostered and chosen by the kings of Aragon.
The conflict largely ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1229, in which the integration of the Occitan territory in the French crown was agreed to.
Guilhem Molinier, a member of the Consistori del Gay Saber, which was the first literary academy in the world and held the Floral Games to award the best troubadour with the violeta d ' aur top prize, gave a definition of the syllable in his Leys d ' amor ( 1328 – 1337 ), a book aimed at regulating the then flourishing Occitan poetry:
Historically the language spoken in Provence was Provençal, a dialect of the Occitan language, also known as langue d ' oc, and closely related to Catalan.
The golden age of Provençal literature, more correctly called Occitan literature, was the 11th century and the 12th century, when the troubadours broke away from classical Latin literature and composed romances and love songs in their own vernacular language.
In the 12th century, the city enlarged with two new separate burgos ( independent boroughs ): San Cernín ( Saint Saturnin ) and San Nicolás, in which the population of local Navarrese was swelled by Occitan merchants and artisans.
James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire ; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276 ) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276.
A troubadour (, ;,, ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages ( 1100 – 1350 ).
The Occitan words trobador and trobaire are relatively rare compared with the verb trobar ( compose, invent ), which was usually applied to the writing of poetry.
A razo ( from Occitan for " reason ") was a similar short piece of Occitan prose detailing the circumstances of a particular composition.

Occitan and vehicle
It was not long before native Italians adopted Occitan as a vehicle for poetic expression, though the term Occitan did not really appear until the year 1300, " langue d ' oc " or " provenzale " being the preferred expressions.

Occitan and for
* Da., Occitan abbreviation for Dòna ( Mrs .)
Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d ' Aran.
The term Provençal ( Occitan: provençal, provençau or prouvençau, ) may be used as a traditional synonym for Occitan but, nowadays, “ Provençal ” is mainly understood as an Occitan dialect spoken in Provence.
The name Occitan comes from lenga d ' òc ( i. e., òc language ), which comes from òc, the Occitan word for yes.
In his De vulgari eloquentia he wrote in Latin: " nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil " (" for some say òc, others sì, yet others oïl "), thereby highlighting three major Romance literary languages that were well known in Italy, based on each language's word for " yes ", the òc language ( Occitan ), the oïl language ( French ), and thelanguage ( Italian ).
After Mistral's Félibrige movement in the 19th century, Provençal achieved the greatest literary recognition and so became the most popular term for the Occitan language.
Nowadays, linguists use the terms Provençal and Limousin strictly to refer to specific varieties within Occitania, keeping the name Occitan for the language as a whole.
A tourist in the cities in southern France is unlikely to hear a single Occitan word spoken on the street ( or, for that matter, in a home ), and is likely to only find the occasional vestige, such as street signs ( and, of those, most will have French equivalents more prominently displayed ), to remind them of the traditional language of the area.
The Public Council, composed of forty-eight councillors chosen by the people, four members of the clergy and four doctors of the university, met under the presidency of the chief magistrate of the city, the viquier ( Occitan ) or vicar or representative of the papal Legate or Vice-legate, who annually nominated a man for the post.
Beginning in the early 13th century, the spread of Occitan verse demanded grammars and dictionaries, especially for those whose native tongue was not Occitan, such as the Catalan and Italian troubadours, and their imitators.
The friction between the Arian Christianity of the Visigoths and the Catholicism of the bishops sent out from Rome established deep roots for religious heterodoxy, even heresy, in Occitan culture.
Regional identification is most pronounced today in cultures linked to regional languages and non-French-speaking traditions-French language itself being only a dialect of Langue d ' oïl, the mother language of many of the languages to-be-mentioned, which became a national vehicular language, like ( in alphabetical order ): Alsatian, Arpitan, Basque, Brezhoneg ( Breton ), Burgundian, Corsu ( Corsican ), Català ( Catalan ), Francique, Gallo, Lorrain, Norman, Occitan, Picard, Poitevin, Saintongeais, etc., and some of these regions have promoted movements calling for some degree of regional autonomy, and, occasionally, national independence ( see, for example, Breton nationalism, Corsica and Occitania ).

Occitan and influential
This was the earliest and perhaps most influential Occitan lyric treatise.

Occitan and poetry
In contrast to the Northern Italian language, southern Italian dialects and languages were largely untouched by the Franco-Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by bards from France, during the Middle Ages but, after the Norman conquest of southern Italy, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods ( and words ) in poetry.
* Alba ( poetry ), a genre of Occitan poetry
In later centuries, many Central European cultural influences travelled to Iberia through the Way of St. James, from the Gothic and Romanesque styles, to the Occitan lyric poetry.
It was probably during his three-year tenure there that he introduced Occitan lyric poetry to the city, which was later to develop a flourishing Occitan literary culture.
There have been three main styles of Occitan lyric poetry identified: the trobar leu ( light ), trobar ric ( rich ), and trobar clus ( closed, hermetic ).
The failure of the Eighth Crusade, like those of its predecessors, caused a response to be crafted in Occitan poetry by the troubadours.
It was probably during his reign at Sicily ( 1285 – 1291 ) that James composed his only surviving piece of Occitan poetry, a religious dansa dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Mayre de Deu.
The first widespread vernacular writing in any Romance language was the lyric poetry of the troubadours, who composed in Occitan.
Alfonso II patronised many composers, not just from Catalonia, and even wrote Occitan poetry himself.
In the north, in the country of French speech, vernacular poetry was in full bloom ; but between the districts in which it had developed, Champagne, Île-de-France, Picardy and Normandy and the region in which Occitan literature had sprung up, there seems to have been an intermediate zone formed by Burgundy, Bourbonnais, Berry, Touraine and Anjou which, far on in the Middle Ages, appears to have remained almost barren of vernacular literature.
Occitan poetry first appeared in the 11th century.
Occitan poetry may have originated amongst the jesters.
Though he was certainly not the creator of the Occitan lyric poetry, William, count of Poitiers, by personally cultivating it gave it a position of honor, and indirectly contributed in a very powerful degree to ensure its development and preservation.
Of Bernart's compositions we possess about fifty songs of elegant simplicity, some of which may be taken as the most perfect specimens of love poetry Occitan literature has ever produced.
Occitan poetry was appreciated in the north of France.
It was then that many of those poets went to spend their last days in the north of Spain and Italy, where Occitan poetry had for more than one generation been highly esteemed.
Although the strictly lyric poetry of the troubadours forms the most original part of Occitan literature, it must not be supposed that the remainder is of trifling importance.
This unfair arrangement, by which some of the leading poets of northern France profited, held good till 1893, when the town very properly transferred its patronage to a new Escolo moundino, but very soon restored its support to the older institution, on learning that Occitan poetry was again to be encouraged.
Based on the Occitan language of south France, which produced this poetry, which was a part of Occitan literature, this courtly poetry spread throughout all European cultivated circles in the 12th and 13th centuries.

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