There are five main categories in which potential sources and / or analogues are included: Scandinavian parallels, classical sources, Irish sources and analogues, ecclesiastical sources, and echoes in other Old English texts.

Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).

The " cow " derivation depends most immediately on the Old Irish legal term for " outsider :" amboue, from proto-Celtic * ambouios, " not a cattle owner.

The term baccalaureus is a pun combining the prosaic baccalarius with bacca lauri ' " laurel berry "— according to the American Heritage Dictionary, " bacca " is the Old Irish word for " farmer " + laureus, " laurel berry ," the idea being that a " baccalaureate " had farmed ( cultivated ) his mind.

These are the Goidelic Irish ( Gaeilge ) and Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) descended from Old Irish, and the Brythonic Welsh and Breton descended from the British language.

Saint Columba ( 7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD )— also known as Colum Cille, or Chille ( Old Irish, meaning " dove of the church "), Colm Cille ( Irish ), Calum Cille ( Scottish Gaelic ), Colum Keeilley ( Manx Gaelic ) and Kolban or Kolbjørn ( Old Norse )— was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period.

The Irish word derives from Old Irish, which referred to a wooden structure or vessel, stemming from crann, which means " tree ", plus a diminutive ending — literally " young tree ".

Latin, the common language of the church, Old English, the language of the Angles and Saxons, Irish, spoken on the western coasts of Britain and in Ireland, Brythonic, ancestor of the Welsh language, spoken in large parts of western Britain, and Pictish, spoken in northern Britain.

Among those noted by the Irish annals, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are Ívarr — Ímar in Irish sources — who was active from East Anglia to Ireland, Halfdán — Albdann in Irish, Healfdene in Old English — and Amlaíb or Óláfr.

This is the first use of the word Albania, the Latin form of the Old Irish Alba, in the Chronicle which until then describes the lands ruled by the descendants of Cináed as Pictavia.

** Táin Bó Cúailnge ( Old Irish )

Another early appearance on record followed in 1987, where Enya provided spoken ( not sung ) vocals in Irish on the song " Never Get Old " on Sinéad O ' Connor's debut album, The Lion and the Cobra.

), Old Irish gair " neighbor ", Irish gar-( prefix ) " near ", garach " neighborly ".

The names used in the languages themselves ( Gaeilge / Gaolainn / Gaelic in Irish, Gaelg / Gailck in Manx, and Gàidhlig in Scottish Gaelic ) are derived from Old Irish Goídelc, which comes from Old Welsh Guoidel meaning " pirate, raider ".

The epithet Tud may be a Welsh or Breton cognate or borrowing of Old Irish tuath, " north, left, sinister, wicked ", also " fairy, elf ").

Gaulish-maros, Old Irish mor, Welsh mawr ) " great ", and tribal names like Ambitouti ( Old Irish imm-" around ", Old Irish tuath " tribe "), and a lexical item drunemeton " place of assembly " ( cf.

The term " townland " in English is derived from the Old English word tun, similar to the Irish word tuath, denoting an enclosure.

( plural ), the term used to identify those who practice Ásatrú is a compound with ( Old Norse ) " man ".

A Goði or Gothi ( plural goðar ) is the historical Old Norse term for a priest and chieftain in Norse paganism.

11 ) identifies Old Norse Baldr with the Old High German Baldere ( 2nd Merseburg Charm, Thuringia ), Palter ( theonym, Bavaria ), Paltar ( personal name ) and with Old English bealdor, baldor " lord, prince, king " ( used always with a genitive plural, as in gumena baldor " lord of men ", wigena baldor " lord of warriors ", et cetera ).

A die ( plural dice, from Old French dé, from Latin datum " something which is given or played ") is a small throwable object with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers.

A draugr, draug or ( Icelandic ) draugur ( original Old Norse plural draugar, as used here, not " draugrs "), or draugen ( Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, meaning " the draug "), also known as aptrganga (" afturgöngur " in modern Icelandic ) ( literally " after-walker ", or " one who walks after death ") is an undead creature from Norse mythology, a subset of Germanic mythology.

The article is never regarded as declined in Modern English, although technically the words this and that, and their plural forms these and those, are modern forms of the as it was declined in Old English.

Alb, Alp ( m ), plural Alpe has the meaning of " incubus " ( Old High German alp, plural * alpî or * elpî ).

Very little material concerning elves or elben survives in Old High German beyond the mere noun form alp, plural alpî, elpî.

The term Edda ( Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur ) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age.

The Norns ( Old Norse: norn, plural: nornir ) in Norse mythology are female beings who rule the destiny of gods and men, a kind of dísir comparable to the Fates in Greek mythology.

Normandy (, pronounced, Norman: Nourmaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normand, originally from the word for " northman " in several Scandinavian languages ) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.

Under the District Councils Act 1895, The Maldens & Coombe Urban District Council was created ( the plural relating to Old Malden and New Malden ).

Old Norse Týr, literally " god ", plural tívar " gods ", comes from Proto-Germanic * ( cf.

The word wharf comes from the Old English hwearf, meaning " bank " or " shore ", and its plural is either wharfs or wharves ; collectively a group of these is referred to as a wharfing or wharfage.

In Old Norse, ( or, plural ; feminine, plural ) is the term denoting a member of the principal pantheon in the indigenous European religion known as Norse paganism.

The cognate term in Old English is ( plural ) denoting a deity in Anglo-Saxon paganism.

The Old High German is, plural.

Æsir is the plural of áss, óss " god " ( gen. āsir ) which is attested in other Germanic languages, eg., Old English ōs ( gen. pl.

The cognate Old English form to is, preserved only as a prefix in personal names ( e. g. Oscar, Osborne, Oswald ) and some place names, and as the genitive plural ( and, " the shots of anses and of elves ", ).

Old Norse askr literally means " ash tree " but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed.

In the field of parapsychology, claircognizance from late 17th century French clair ( clear ) and cognizance (< Middle English | ME cognisaunce < Old French | OFr conoissance, knowledge ) is a form of extra-sensory perception wherein a person acquires psychic knowledge primarily by means of intrinsic knowledge.

In Orthodox Christianity, deuterocanonical means that a book is part of the corpus of the Old Testament ( i. e. is read during the services ) but has secondary authority.

His name, which means " Old Master ", has only fueled controversy on this issue.

Orthodox Christians use the term " Anagignoskomena " ( a Greek word that means " readable ", " worthy of reading ") for the ten books that they accept but that are not in the Protestant 39-book Old Testament canon.

" This means that both enjoy the same privileges because they are both bishops of the imperial capitals, but the bishop of Rome will precede the bishop of Constantinople since Old Rome precedes New Rome.

The problem is that in Old Norse mær means both " daughter " and " wife ," so it is not fully clear if Fjörgynn is Frigg's father or another name for her husband Odin, but Snorri Sturluson interprets the line as meaning Frigg is Fjörgynn's daughter ( Skáldskaparmál 27 ), and most modern translators of the Poetic Edda follow Snorri.

" The root also appears in Old Saxon fri which means " beloved lady ", in Swedish as fria (" to propose for marriage ") and in Icelandic as frjá which means " to love.

The English word guitar, the German, and the French were adopted from the Spanish, which comes from the Andalusian Arabic, itself derived from the Latin, which in turn came from the Ancient Greek, and is thought to ultimately trace back to the Old Persian language Tar, which means string in Persian.

The title – taken from the first words of the song – means " Old Land of My Fathers ", usually rendered in English as simply " Land of My Fathers ".

The town's name means " military settlement ," from Old English here-wic.

The Old Norse name for the Hebrides during the Viking occupation was Suðreyjar, which means " Southern Isles ".

" In Old French, san graal or san gréal means " Holy Grail " and sang réal means " royal blood "; later writers played on this pun.

Both the Parker Chronicle and Peterborough Chronicle annals of AD793 record the Old English name, Lindisfarena, which means " of the travellers from Lindsey ", indicating that the island was settled from the Kingdom of Lindsey, or possibly that its inhabitants travelled there.

Micah is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament ), and means " who is like God ?".

Since the launch of the third generation MX-5, Mazda consolidated worldwide marketing using the MX-5 name, though enthusiasts in the US still refer to it as Miata, a name that means " reward " in Old High German, and the vehicle in 2012 was still marketed by Mazda in the US as the MX-5 Miata.

In Old Catholic theology, “ Church ” means reconciliation.

The word research is derived from the Middle French " recherche ", which means " to go about seeking ", the term itself being derived from the Old French term " recerchier " a compound word from " re -" + " cerchier ", or " sercher ", meaning ' search '.

The word was thought to have been etymologically related to the English way ( Old English weg ) and weigh — these words are all derived from the Indo-European root, * wegh -, which means " to move or convey " — but this derivation is no longer accepted by The Oxford English Dictionary .< ref >

The Old English cognate wuldor means " glory " but is not used as a proper name, although it figures frequently in kennings for the Christian God such as wuldres cyning " king of glory ", wuldorfæder " glory-father " or wuldor alwealda " glorious all-ruler ".