They do not include earlier states of language, such as Middle Mongol or Old Japanese.

" the Imperial person ") was also used in Old Japanese.

Very little is known about the Japanese of this period – because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence ; so anything that can be discerned about this period of Japanese must be based on reconstructions of Old Japanese.

Old Japanese is the first attested written form of Japanese – the earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century AD ; the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794.

Old Japanese uses the Man ' yōgana system of writing, which uses kanji for their phonetic values as well as semantic.

Based on the Man ' yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct syllables ; texts written with Man ' yōgana use two different kanji for each of the syllables now pronounced ( the Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87, the distinction between mo < sub > 1 </ sub > and mo < sub > 2 </ sub > apparently being lost immediately following its composition ).

These differences would indicate that Old Japanese had an eight-vowel system, in contrast to later Japanese's five vowels.

Old Japanese does not have, but rather ( preserved in modern fu, ), which has been reconstructed to an earlier.

Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu ( superseded by modern no ) is preserved in words such as matsuge (" eyelash ", lit.

There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island whose dialect are descended from the Eastern dialect of Old Japanese.

Other linguists, most notably Alexander Vovin, argue, however, that the similarities are not due to any genetic relationship, but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing especially from ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese.

This word seems to be cognate, but while it is well-attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryūkyū, in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three subdialects of the South-Ryūkyūan dialect group.

Then, the doublet wo ‘ hemp ’ is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryūkyū.

Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the " top ", but also at the centre, of the map.

Category: Old Japanese texts

* Baxter, William H. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology ( Mouton de Gruyter, 1992 ).

A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology.

" This was borrowed into Arabic as al-tub ( الط ّ وب al " the " + tub " brick ") " brick ," which was assimilated into Old Spanish as adobe, still with the meaning " mud brick.

Allegiance is formed from " liege ," from Old French liege, " liege, free ", of Germanic origin.

:( a ) The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as " containing all things necessary to salvation ," and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.

The vernacular name daisy, widely applied to members of this family, is derived from its Old English meaning, dægesege, from dæges eage meaning " day's eye ," and this was because the petals ( of Bellis perennis ) open at dawn and close at dusk.

" He notes that the first element of Bilröst — bil ( meaning " a moment ")—" suggests the fleeting nature of the rainbow ," which he connects to the first element of Bifröst — the Old Norse verb bifa ( meaning " to shimmer " or " to shake ")— noting that the element provokes notions of the " lustrous sheen " of the bridge.

The term baccalaureus is a pun combining the prosaic baccalarius with bacca lauri ' " laurel berry "— according to the American Heritage Dictionary, " bacca " is the Old Irish word for " farmer " + laureus, " laurel berry ," the idea being that a " baccalaureate " had farmed ( cultivated ) his mind.

The word dragon entered the English language in the early 13th century from Old French dragon, which in turn comes from Latin draconem ( nominative draco ) meaning " huge serpent, dragon ," from the Greek word δράκων, drakon ( genitive drakontos, δράκοντος ) " serpent, giant seafish ", which is believed to have come from an earlier stem drak -, a stem of derkesthai, " to see clearly ," from Proto-Indo-European derk-" to see " or " the one with the ( deadly ) glance.

The filmmaker purchased the Old Chain of Rocks Bridge for one dollar from the government and then gave it back to them for a dollar, " so that they wouldn't have any liability ," Hill remembers.

Fenrir " howled horribly ," saliva ran from his mouth, and this saliva formed the river Ván ( Old Norse " hope ").

The problem is that in Old Norse mær means both " daughter " and " wife ," so it is not fully clear if Fjörgynn is Frigg's father or another name for her husband Odin, but Snorri Sturluson interprets the line as meaning Frigg is Fjörgynn's daughter ( Skáldskaparmál 27 ), and most modern translators of the Poetic Edda follow Snorri.

Forseti ( Old Norse " the presiding one ," actually " president " in Modern Icelandic and Faroese ) is an Æsir god of justice and reconciliation in Norse mythology.

The word " grits " derives from the Old English word " grytt ," meaning coarse meal.

Eighteen years prior to the publication of Gone with the Wind, an article titled, " The Old Black Mammy ," written in the Confederate Veteran in 1918, discussed the romanticized view of the mammy character that had been passed on in literature of the South:

The English word house derives directly from the Old English Hus meaning " dwelling, shelter, home, house ," which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic Khusan ( reconstructed by etymological analysis ) which is of unknown origin.

In 1708 James Francis Edward Stuart, who became known as " The Old Pretender ," attempted an invasion with a French fleet, but the Royal Navy prevented any from landing.

" High details that in this realm Hel has " great Mansions " with extremely high walls and immense gates, a hall called Éljúðnir, a dish called " Hunger ," a knife called " Famine ," the servant Ganglati ( Old Norse " lazy walker "), the serving-maid Ganglöt ( also " lazy walker "), the entrance threshold " Stumbling-block ," the bed " Sick-bed ," and the curtains " Gleaming-bale.

Michael Bell says that while Hel " might at first appear to be identical with the well-known pagan goddess of the Norse underworld " as described in chapter 34 of Gylfaginning, " in the combined light of the Old English and Old Norse versions of Nicodemus she casts quite a different a shadow ," and that in Bartholomeus saga postola " she is clearly the queen of the Christian, not pagan, underworld.

Isaac Watts has been called " the father of English hymnody ," but Erik Routley sees him more as " the liberator of English hymnody ," because his hymns, and hymns like them, moved worshipers beyond singing only Old Testament psalms, inspiring congregations and revitalizing worship.

The endonym Helvetii may be derived from the root elw that is seen in Welsh, meaning " gain " or " profit ," and the Old Irish prefix il -, meaning " many " or " multiple.

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Asgard is derived from Old Norse āss, god + garðr, enclosure ; from Indo-European roots ansu-spirit, demon ( see cognate ahura ) + gher-grasp, enclose ( see cognates garden and yard ).< ref >; See also ansu-and gher -< sup > 1 </ sup > in " Appendix I: Indo-European Roots " in the same work .</ ref >

Kannada is a southern Dravidian Language and the history of Kannada is conventionally divided in four periods: Purva Halegannada from the 5th century ( as per early epigraphic records ), the Halegannada ( Old Kannada, 9th to 14th century ), the Nadugannada ( Middle Kannada, 14th to 18th century ), and Hosagannada ( Modern Kannada, 1800 to present ).

; pioneer of the Old Belarusian language ( historically Old Lithuanian Language ); first to print a book in an Eastern Slavic language ( 1517 in Prague )

Gallaudet then travelled to Paris and learned the educational methods of the French Royal Institution for the Deaf, a combination of Old French Sign Language and the signs developed by Abbé de l ’ Épée.

Gimbutas gained fame — and notoriety — with her last three books: The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe ( 1974 ); The Language of the Goddess ( 1989 ), which inspired an exhibition in Wiesbaden, 1993 / 94 ; and her final book, The Civilization of the Goddess ( 1991 ), which based on her documented archeological findings presented an overview of her conclusions about Neolithic cultures across Europe: housing patterns, social structure, art, religion, and the nature of literacy.

There were also notable appearances in Old Times at the Haymarket Theatre and Volpone and the brutal sergeant in Pinter's Mountain Language.

The full title was The Harmony of the Four Evangelists among themselves, and with the Old Testament, with an explanation of the chiefest difficulties both in Language and Sense: Part I.

Kelham's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language ( 1779 ) provided English translations of Law French terms from parliamentary and legal records

According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, the term derives from the Middle English brusket which comes from the earlier Old Norse brjósk, meaning cartilage.

* Zurbuchen, Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature: A Kawi Prose Anthology

The abbé set himself to learning the language, now known as Old French Sign Language, and eventually he established a free school for the deaf.

* Old French Sign Language

Martha's Vineyard Sign Language may be descended from a hypothesized sign language of that area in the 16th century, now referred to as Old Kent Sign Language.

As a student of ancient Teutonic literature, Hoffmann von Fallersleben ranks among the most persevering and cultivated of German scholars, some of the chief results of his labors being embodied in his Horae Belgicae, Fundgruben für Geschichte deutscher Sprache und Literatur (" Sources for the History of German Language and Literature "), Altdeutsche Blätter (" Old German Papers "), Spenden zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte und Findlinge.

* In Belarus: “ Old Belarusian Language ” (, starazhytnabelaruskaya mova )

* In Russia: “ Old Russian Language ” (, drevnerusskiy yazyk )

* In Ukraine: “ Old Ukrainian Language ” (, davn ’ oukrainska mova ) or “ Old Kyivan Language ” (, davn ’ okiivska mova ).

The Old Church Slavonic language, also known as Old Bulgarian Language, as it was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire's Preslav Academy, was introduced through the Bulgarian Empire.