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Old Norse kenna ( Modern Icelandic kenna, Swedish känna, Danish kende, Norwegian kjenne or kjenna ) is cognate with Old English cennan, Old Frisian kenna, kanna, Old Saxon ( ant ) kennian ( Middle Dutch and Dutch kennen ), Old High German ( ir -, in -, pi -) chennan ( Middle High German and German kennen ), Gothic kannjan < Proto-Germanic * kannjanan, originally causative of * kunnanan “ to know ( how to )”, whence Modern English can ' to be able ' ( from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Modern English know and Latin-derived cognition ).
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Old and Norse
In Norse religion, Asgard ( Old Norse: Ásgarðr ; meaning " Enclosure of the Æsir ") is one of the Nine Worlds and is the country or capital city of the Norse Gods surrounded by an incomplete wall attributed to a Hrimthurs riding the stallion Svaðilfari, according to Gylfaginning.
One of them, Múnón, married Priam's daughter, Tróán, and had by her a son, Trór, to be pronounced Thor in Old Norse.
According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Asgard is derived from Old Norse āss, god + garðr, enclosure ; from Indo-European roots ansu-spirit, demon ( see cognate ahura ) + gher-grasp, enclose ( see cognates garden and yard ).< ref >; See also ansu-and gher -< sup > 1 </ sup > in " Appendix I: Indo-European Roots " in the same work .</ ref >
Álfheim as an abode of the Elves is mentioned only twice in Old Norse texts.
* Gylfaginning in Old Norse
In Norse mythology, Ask and Embla ( from Old Norse Askr ok Embla )— male and female respectively — were the first two humans, created by the gods.
Old Norse askr literally means " ash tree " but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed.
Ægir ( Old Norse " sea ") is a sea giant, god of the ocean and king of the sea creatures in Norse mythology.
( from Icelandic for " Æsir faith ", pronounced, in Old Norse ) is a form of Germanic neopaganism which developed in the United States from the 1970s.
is an Icelandic ( and equivalently Old Norse ) term consisting of two parts.
The term is the Old Norse / Icelandic translation of, a neologism coined in the context of 19th century romantic nationalism, used by Edvard Grieg in his 1870 opera Olaf Trygvason.
( plural ), the term used to identify those who practice Ásatrú is a compound with ( Old Norse ) " man ".
A Goði or Gothi ( plural goðar ) is the historical Old Norse term for a priest and chieftain in Norse paganism.
Ægir is an Old Norse word meaning " terror " and the name of a destructive giant associated with the sea ; ægis is the genitive ( possessive ) form of ægir and has no direct relation to Greek aigis.
The exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates.
Bornholm (; Old Norse: Burgundaholmr, " the island of the Burgundians ") is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea located to the east of ( most of ) the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, and north of Poland.
This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources.
The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).
Old and kenna
The word was adopted into English in the nineteenth century from medieval Icelandic treatises on poetics, in particular the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson, and derives ultimately from the Old Norse verb kenna “ know, recognise ; perceive, feel ; show ; teach ; etc .”, as used in the expression kenna við “ to name after ; to express thing in terms of ”, “ name after ; refer to in terms of ”, and kenna til “ qualify by, make into a kenning by adding ”.
Example: Danish kende ( to know, Old Norse kenna ), denne ( this / common gender /, ON masculine accusative þenna ) and sende ( to send, ON senda ) vs Norwegian kjenne, denne ( but sende ); Danish ilde ( bad, ON illa ), ville ( to want, Old Norse vilja ) and holde ( to hold, Old Norse halda ) vs Norwegian ille, ville ( but holde ).
Old and Modern
The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language ( Old Bulgarian ) to a typical analytic language ( Modern Bulgarian ) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition.
Some Old Breton vocabulary remains in the present day as philosophical and scientific terms in Modern Breton.
The Behistun Inscription ( also Bistun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون < Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning " the place of god ") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.
The changes during this period are so profound that the rules of Modern Khmer can not be applied to correctly understand Old Khmer.
Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).
The glossing was probably brought to England as Old French crimne ( 12th century form of Modern French crime ), from Latin crimen ( in the genitive case: criminis ).
Cumry is an evoluted form of the Old Welsh, with an assimilation of to first, the second element brogi changed into bro “ country ” in Modern Welsh.
Old English was a highly inflected language, as befits its Indo-European and especially its Germanic linguistic ancestry, but its declensions greatly simplified as it evolved into Modern English.
Adjectives are not declined for case in Modern English, though they were in Old English.
The article is never regarded as declined in Modern English, although technically the words this and that, and their plural forms these and those, are modern forms of the as it was declined in Old English.
The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).
The Old French term esbat ( Modern French ébat ) meant amusement or diversion, with a connotation of frolicking.
The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture ( Oxford, 1987 – 94 ) vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime, ed.
The Modern English word " fox " is Old English, and comes from the Proto-Germanic word fukh – compare German Fuchs, Gothic fauho, Old Norse foa and Dutch vos.
Forseti ( Old Norse " the presiding one ," actually " president " in Modern Icelandic and Faroese ) is an Æsir god of justice and reconciliation in Norse mythology.
The personal pronouns of Modern English retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class ( a remnant of the more extensive case system of Old English ).
With this new vocabulary, additional vocabulary borrowed from Latin ( with Greek, another approximately one-third of Modern English vocabulary, though some borrowings from Latin and Greek date from later periods ), a simplified grammar, and use of the orthographic conventions of French instead of Old English orthography, the language became Middle English ( the language of Chaucer ).
Due to these extra syllables, it has been hypothesized that Old Japanese's vowel system was larger than Modern Japanese's – perhaps containing up to eight vowels.
Baskerville represents the peak of transitional type face and bridges the gap between Old Style and Modern type design.
Khazars were judged according to Tōra ( orders of the Khagan ; coming from the root Tōr meaning customs ; unwritten law of people in Old Turkic ) ( Modern Turkish: Töre ), while the other tribes were judged according to their own laws.
Old and Icelandic
Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.
A draugr, draug or ( Icelandic ) draugur ( original Old Norse plural draugar, as used here, not " draugrs "), or draugen ( Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, meaning " the draug "), also known as aptrganga (" afturgöngur " in modern Icelandic ) ( literally " after-walker ", or " one who walks after death ") is an undead creature from Norse mythology, a subset of Germanic mythology.
The original pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn.
From his sophomore year he additionally began to focus on Germanic languages completing coursework in Gothic, Old High German, Old Saxon, Icelandic, Dutch, Swedish and Danish.
The term Edda ( Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur ) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age.
The Poetic Edda, also known as Sæmundar Edda or the Elder Edda, is a collection of Old Norse poems from the Icelandic medieval manuscript Codex Regius (" Royal Book ").
Eth ( Ð, ð ; also spelled edh or eð ) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese ( in which it is called edd ), and Elfdalian.
The name seems however to be related to Icelandic Fiðla and also Old English fiðele.
It is most similar to Icelandic and Old Norse.
" The root also appears in Old Saxon fri which means " beloved lady ", in Swedish as fria (" to propose for marriage ") and in Icelandic as frjá which means " to love.
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