On two sites in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in western Oregon, 84 % of nests were within 820 feet ( 250 m ) of a stream or spring.

On two sites in the Coast and Cascade Ranges in western Oregon, 90 % of nest sites were in unmanaged old-growth forests, 4 % were in mature forests, and 6 % were in late-successional forests ( 70 – 80 years ) with 5 or fewer residual old-growth trees per hectare.

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