Evaluating Mead's work in Samoa from a positivist stance, Martin Orans ' assessment of the controversy was that Mead did not formulate her research agenda in scientific terms, and that " her work may properly be damned with the harshest scientific criticism of all, that it is ' not even wrong '".

Whether it is the same icon that was kept in Blachernae is a matter of scholarly debate, as the ancient icon is believed to have been of the Orans type, whereas the Athonite icon is of a style called Hodegetria ( literally, " She who leads the way ").

Orans was common in early Sumarian cultures :"... it appears that Sumarian people might have a statue carved to represent themselves and do their worshipping for them-in their place, as a stand in.

' Another inscription says, ' Statue, say unto my king ( god )..." The custom of praying in antiquity with outstretched, raised arms was common to both Jews and Gentiles, and indeed the iconographic type of the Orans was itself strongly influenced by classic representations.

One of the most convincing proofs that the Orans was regarded as a symbol of the soul is an ancient lead medal in the Vatican Museum showing the martyr, St. Lawrence, under torture, while his soul, in the form of a female Orans, is just leaving the body.

One of the most remarkable figures of the Orans cycle, dating from the early fourth century, is interpreted by Wilpert as the Blessed Virgin interceding for the friends of the deceased.

These are then surrounded by an image of a brown scapular, containing the words in Latin Orbis Unus Orans, ( One World Praying ) the motto of the Apostolate.

Martin Orans, another anthropologist who worked in Samoa, wrote:

As Orans points out Mead's data support several different conclusions, and that Mead's conclusions hinge on an interpretive, rather than positivist, approach to culture.

But besides these Biblical Orans figures there exist in the catacombs many ideal figures ( 153 in all ) in the ancient attitude of prayer, which, according to Wilpert, are to be regarded as symbols of the deceased's soul in heaven, praying for its friends on earth.

Very probably the medieval representations of a diminutive body, figure of the soul, issuing from the mouths of the dying were reminiscences of the Orans as a symbol of the soul.

In 1996 Martin Orans examined Mead's notes preserved at the Library of Congress, and credits her for leaving all of her recorded data available to the general public.

An arcosolium in the Ostrianum cemetery represents an Orans with a petition for her intercession: Victoriæ Virgini.

Wall painting from the early Christian Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter in Rome, showing Noah, in the Orans | Orante attitude of prayer, the dove and an olive branch.

* Orans, Martin.

On the inside, it retains mosaics and frescos from the 11th century, including a dilapidated representation of Yaroslav's family, and the Orans.

File: Znamenskaya cerkov Vilnius. JPG | The church of the Theotokos Orans, Vilnius

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Orans ( Latin, praying ) or Orante is a figure with extended arms or bodily attitude of prayer, usually standing, with the elbows close to the sides of the body and with the hands outstretched sideways, palms up.

18th c. Byzantine art | Byzantine-style bronze panagia from Jerusalem, showing the Mary, the mother of Jesus | Virgin Mary in the Orans position

But the meaning of the Orans of Christian art is quite different from that of its prototypes.

Directly in front of Mary is a boy, not in the Orans attitude and supposed to be the Divine Child, while to the right and left are monograms of Christ.

Partridge concludes, " The basic sense of both Hera and hero would therefore be ' protector '.

To this end, he compares George Orwell's Coming Up for Air with Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth's The Space Merchants and concludes that the basic building block and distinguishing feature of a science fiction novel is the presence of the novum, a term Darko Suvin adapts from Ernst Bloch and defines as " a discrete piece of information recognizable as not-true, but also as not-unlike-true, not-flatly-( and in the current state of knowledge ) impossible ".

The President of Georgia concludes international treaties and agreements and conducts negotiations with foreign states ; with the consent of Parliament, appoints and dismisses Georgian ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives ; receives the credentials of ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives of foreign states and international organizations ; with the consent of Parliament, appoints Prime Minister and members of the Government ; is empowered to remove ministers from their posts ; submits to Parliament the draft state budget, after agreeing upon its basic content with parliamentary committees ; declares a martial law and state of emergency ; with the consent of Parliament has the right to halt the activities of representative bodies of self-government or territorial units as well as of state bodies ; signs and promulgates laws ; has the right to dissolve Parliament under certain conditions set by the Constitution ; decides questions of citizenship and the granting of political asylum ; grants pardons ; schedules elections to Parliament and other representative bodies ; has the right to revoke acts of subordinate executive bodies ; is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces ; and appoints members of the National Security Council, chairs its meetings, and appoints and dismisses military commanders.

Adam Jones, who praised this book for its fluid style and commendable passion, concludes however, that the book is undermined by a casual approach to basic research, and by the author ’ s tendency to overreach and overstate his case.

ISSN 0038-0245 Based on the contents of two recently discovered unpublished manuscripts of Sumner, concludes that he came to reject the basic premises of social evolutionism, 1900 – 10, and that his apparent support for the theory as stated in The Science of Society ( 1927, printed 17 years after Sumner's death ) was actually the thought of Albert Galloway Keller, with whom he collaborated.

Socrates concludes that, in the virtuous people of the present and the past, at least, virtue has been the result of divine inspiration, akin to the inspiration of the poets, whereas a knowledge of it will require answering the basic question, ' What is virtue ?'.

Mill concludes the Introduction by discussing what he claimed were the three basic liberties in order of importance:

He concludes by stating that it is legitimate for states to forbid marriages unless the couple can prove that they have " means of supporting a family " through education and other basic necessities.

He concludes the book with the way the human mind comes to know the basic truths or primary premisses or first principles, which are not innate, because we may be ignorant of them for much of our life.

Currently the Malaysian internet infrastructure has been identified as not meeting the current standards as required by basic web applications such as that of YouTube, Skype, and thus concludes that Malaysia may not ultimately reap the benefits of broadband.

Supporters of the hypothesis include scholars such as Bernard Sergent and Iaroslav Lebedynsky, who concludes that " the basic idea seems proven in a convincing way ".

Chomsky concludes that " grammar is autonomous and independent of meaning, and that probabilistic models give no particular insight into some of the basic problems of syntactic structure.

He concludes that, “ In the most basic sense neither individuals nor councils created the canon ; instead they came to recognize and acknowledge the self-authenticating quality of these writings, which imposed themselves as canonical upon the church .”

Vertov responds to their criticisms with the assertion that the critics were hacks nipping " revolutionary effort " in the bud, and concludes the essay with his promise to " explode art's tower of Babel.

He therefore concludes, contrary to Freeman, that Mead was never the victim of a hoax.

As Neely ( 2004 ) concludes, there was no effort to engage in " total war " against civilians, as in World War II.

The novel concludes that Alexander was indeed murdered " by a fanatical servant " of Edward I of England.

' " His biographer Trefousse concludes that, while his courageous stand for the Union paid handsome political dividends, Johnson did not succeed in the White House because of his failure to outgrow his Jeffersonian-Jacksonian background ; put in other words, " Johnson was a child of his time, but he failed to grow with it.

The hypothesis to Isocrates ' Helen mentions that Anaximenes, too, had written a Helen, " though it is more a defense speech ( apologia ) than an encomium ," and concludes that he was " the man who has written about Helen " to whom Isocrates refers ( Isoc.

“… the study concludes that the increased Soviet defense spending provoked by Mr. Reagan's policies was not the straw that broke the back of the Empire.

Severin concludes his investigations by stating that the real Robinson Crusoe figure was Henry Pitman, a castaway who had been surgeon to the Duke of Monmouth.

In his monograph, Jones concludes that Domitian was a ruthless, but efficient autocrat.

The report concludes that, on the basis of information presented, ECHELON was capable of interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail and other data traffic globally through the interception of communication bearers including satellite transmission, public switched telephone networks ( which once carried most Internet traffic ) and microwave links.

In the eighteenth century the same possibility was mentioned by Isaac Newton in the " General Scholium " that concludes his Principia.

The precise date of Francisco Álvares death, like that of his birth, is unknown, but the writer of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article concludes it was later than 1540, in which year an account of his travels were published at Lisbon.

" After listing the disasters of those 28 years, Bury concludes that Honorius " himself did nothing of note against the enemies who infested his realm, but personally he was extraordinarily fortunate in occupying the throne till he died a natural death and witnessing the destruction of the multitude of tyrants who rose up against him.

Washington's strenuous efforts meant that Virginia's frontier population suffered less than that of other colonies ; Ellis concludes " it was his only unqualified success " in the war.

Historian Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies — an act that stunned aristocratic Europe.

In fact, “ Luke perceives himself to be a Jew .” Finally, Rebecca Denova concludes her book with these words: “ Luke-Acts, we may conclude on the basis of a narrative-critical reading, was written by a Jew to persuade other Jews that Jesus of Nazareth was the messiah of Scripture and that the words of the prophets concerning ‘ restoration ’ have been ‘ fulfilled .’” Finally it should be noted that Strelan in 2008 not only concluded that Theophilus was Jewish but also that Luke was a priest.

Amin Saikal concludes in his book which was chosen by the Wall Street Journal as " one of the five best books on Afghanistan ":

Egyptologist Jan Assmann concludes that Strabo was the historian " who came closest to a construction of Moses ' religion as monotheism and as a pronounced counter-religion.

Belgian economic historian Herman Van der Wee concludes the Marshall Plan was a " great success ":

Nicholas Balabkins concludes that " as long as German industrial capacity was kept idle the economic recovery of Europe was delayed " and that " To nurse Europe back to economic health the Marshall Plan scrapped the early postwar economic chains of Germany.