" Theorist Basil Liddell Hart considered that the most important aspect of the operation was the degree to which the Ottoman commanders were first denied intelligence on the British preparations for the attack through British air superiority, and then crippled by air attacks on their headquarters and telephone exchanges, paralysing their attempts to react to the rapidly deteriorating situation.

The remainder of the 19th century saw a relative period of stability, as Islamic, Druze and Maronite groups focused on economic and cultural development which saw the founding of the American University of Beirut and a flowering of literary and political activity associated with the attempts to liberalize the Ottoman Empire.

Other tentative reforms were also enacted: taxes were lowered, there were attempts to improve the image of the Ottoman state, and the first instances of private investment and entrepreneurship occurred.

Ottoman military reform efforts begin with Selim III ( 1789 – 1807 ) who made the first major attempts to modernize the army along European lines.

* The Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cadiz and Lisbon.

Manuel II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war, Mehmed I ( 1402 – 1421 ), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new assault on Constantinople by Murad II ( 1421 – 1451 ) in 1422.

A series of attempts by the Ottoman Turks to take the island began in 1431 when Turkish troops under Ali Bey landed on the island, tried to take the castle and raided the surrounding area, but were repulsed.

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha ( Born 1634 / 1635 – died 25 December 1683 ) was an Ottoman military leader and grand vizier who was a central character in the empire's last attempts at expansion into both Central Europe and Eastern Europe.

On 18 October, after futile attempts to contact Ibrahim Pasha, Codrington, in conference with his Allied colleagues, took the fateful decision to enter Navarino bay and anchor his ships face-to-face with the Ottoman / Egyptian fleet.

The Tanzimat reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements and aggressive powers.

The Greek Revolution was not an isolated event ; numerous failed attempts at regaining independence took place throughout the history of the Ottoman era.

Unfortunately the Ottoman state had declined so far that any general attempts at modernization were but a drop in the ocean, while any major plans to change the administrative status quo immediately roused the conservative Janissaries and imams to the point of rebellion.

In addition, British attempts to control the Navy's construction programme were met with suspicion by the Ottoman ministers, and funds for Gamble's ambitious plans for new ships were not available.

The failure of the attempts at political westernization, according to some, was exemplified by the Tanzimat reorganization of the Ottoman rulers.

The Tanzimât reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements and aggressive powers.

About 08: 00, attacks were being made on Numbers 4 and 5 redoubts which began with heavy artillery fire, but the attacks broke completely when the 31st Ottoman Infantry Regiment were within of No. 4 redoubt ; subsequent attempts were less successful.

It was fire and air support from the five ships of the Royal Navy Red Sea Patrol that defeated the Ottoman attempts to take Yanbu with heavy losses on December 11 – 12, 1916.

In 1578, the Ottoman Empire conquered Meskheti, although it was not secure as part of the Ottoman Empire until 1639, when a treaty was signed and brought an end to Persian attempts to take the region.

The mounted attack began with attempts to capture Ottoman outposts to the east of Beersheba.

After five failed attempts to relieve the town, Kut surrendered to Ottoman forces on 29 April 1916.

He also requested to have Cem's body for a Muslim funeral, but it was not until four years after Cem's death that his body was finally brought to the Ottoman lands because of attempts to receive more gold for Cem's corpse.

There were only two attempts in the whole of Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Osmanlı dynasty, both failures, which is suggestive of a political system which for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability.

Suleiman I the Magnificent sent his admiral Hussein Pasha for another siege of the fortress at Diu in 1547 which, upon failing, marked the end of Ottoman attempts to expand their influence in the Indian Ocean.

In 1846 the Ottoman Governor-in-chief of Jerusalem ( serasker ), Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, waged a campaign to subdue rebellious sheiks in the Hebron area, and while doing so, allowed his troops to sack the town.

In 1855, the newly appointed Ottoman pasha (" governor ") of the sanjak (" district ") of Jerusalem, Kamil Pasha, attempted to subdue the rebellion in the Hebron region.

During his reign, he strengthened Moldavia and maintained its independence against the ambitions of Hungary, Poland, and the Ottoman Empire, which all sought to subdue the land.

The Ottoman Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent personally mounted an expedition in 1537, that destroyed or captured many surrounding villages but did not manage to subdue the area.

During the uprising Husein Gradaščević was chosen as the leader and Vizier of Bosnia Eyalet in the year 1831 during the summer of that year he led nearly 25, 000 men and marched towards Kosovo where his forces battled against Ottoman regulars under the command of Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha had set up encampments near Štimlje in their efforts to subdue the Muslim uprisings in both Kosovo and Bosnia.

During Ottoman times, the Mevlevi produced a number of notable poets and musicians, including Sheikh Ghalib, Ismail Rusuhi Dede of Ankara, Esrar Dede, Halet Efendi, and Gavsi Dede, who are all buried at the Galata Mewlewī Khāna ( Turkish: Mevlevi-Hane ) in Istanbul.

On 8 January 1820, Sheikh Rashid ibn Humayd Al Nuaimi signed the General Maritime Treaty with Britain, accepting a protectorate to keep the Ottoman Turks out.

On 8 January 1820, Sheikh Sultan I bin Saqr Al Qasimi signed the General Maritime Treaty with Britain, accepting protectorate status in order to resist Ottoman domination.

Allusions to heliocentrism also can be found in the works of Muslim theologians and philosophers such as Fakhr al-Din al-Razi ( b. 1149 ), Al-Zamakhshari ( b. 1075 ), and Ottoman Sheikh ul-Islam Ebussuud Efendi ( b. 1490 ).

On 8 January 1820, Sheikh Abdullah I signed the General Maritime Treaty with the United Kingdom, thus accepting a British protectorate in order to keep the Ottoman Turks out.

The Battle of Rafa ( also known by the British as the Action of Rafah ) took place on 9 January 1917 at el Magruntein to the south of Rafa, close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Ottoman Empire, and in the area to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid.

The infantry had not reached Shaluf and Mansura by 07: 50, at which time the leading battalions were approaching Sheikh Seehan without touch having been made with any Ottoman force.

The first Ottoman forces were encountered at 08: 00 by the 7th Light Horse Regiment, 2nd Light Horse Brigade, near Sheikh Abbas which they attacked.

Meanwhile the Ottoman force which had attacked the 3rd Light Horse Brigade appeared on Sheikh Abbas, shelling the rear of Dallas ' 53rd ( Welsh ) Division's position, but making no serious attack on the 54th Division on Burjabye Ridge.

The Anzac Mounted Division remained near El Dameita until 16: 00 and the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division remained near Sheikh Abbas engaging the advancing Ottoman units from Beersheba.

The Sheikh ul-Islam | Şeyhülislam declaring Jihad against the Allies of World War I | Entente in 1914, with Ottoman flags placed in front of the podium.

The Darfuris were restive under Egyptian rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, when in 1882 his Emir of Darfur, who was from the Southern Darfur Arab Rizeigat tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo, defeated the Ottoman forces led by Slatin Pasha ( that had just invaded Egypt earlier that year ) in Darfur.

According to the agreement, Kuwait constituted “ an autonomous kaza of the Ottoman Empire ,” thereby recognizing Sheikh Mubarak al-Sabah as ruler of Kuwait as well as kaymakam, which is an Ottoman administrative position ( Article 1 ).

The green line defined the region in which the Sheikh of Kuwait would exercise the administrative rights of an Ottoman kaymakan.

Yet, the Ottoman government recognized the validity of the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement of 1899, and the 1900 and 1904 agreements in which Kuwait had undertaken not to engage in arms trade or allow another power to establish a post office, as well as land concessions made by the Sheikh to the British government ( Article 3 ).

The agreement did not mention that Zaknuniya would be part of the Najd sancak in return for an Ottoman consideration of £ 1, 000 paid to the Sheikh of Bahrain via the British government.

With regard to Bahrain, the Ottomans renounced all claims to it so long as the British declared no intention of annexing it ( Article 13 ) and did not claim capitulation rights for subjects of the Sheikh of Bahrain ( protected by the Britannic Majesty ’ s Consuls ) living in the Ottoman Empire ( Article 15 ).

Sheikh Badraldin ( 1359 – 1420 ) () was a famous Muslim Sufi theologian and charismatic preacher who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in 1416.

Sheikh Hamdullah ( 1436 – 1520 ) (), born in Amasya, Ottoman Empire, was a master of Islamic calligraphy.

Aziz Mahmud Hudayi was amongst the most famous of all Ottoman Sufi's being the Sheikh of Sultan Ahmed I who constructed the famous Blue Mosque.

In 1768, the central Ottoman authorities partially recognized or legitimized his de facto position by granting him the title of " Sheikh of Acre, Amir of Nazareth, Tiberias, Safed, and Sheikh of all Galilee ".< ref > Encyclopaedia of Islam, article "< u > Z </ u > āhir al -` Umar al-Zaydānī ".</ ref >

Sheikh Bedrettin ( 1359 – 1420 ) () was a proto-Socialist revolutionary Sufi theologian and charismatic preacher who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in 1416.