) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople ( Istanbul ) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming ; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.

Rebellions in the east, such as that of the Qizilbash, plagued much of Bayezid II's reign and were often backed by the Shah of Persia, Ismail, who was eager to promote Shi ' ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state.

The Hauran rebellion was a violent Druze uprising against Ottoman authority in the Syrian province, which erupted in 1909.

In 1814, the government of Sultan Mahmud II took advantage of local disturbances to reassert their direct authority and held it until the final collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman rulers of the 19th century struggled to shore up central authority, introducing reforms aimed at harnessing unruly pashas and checking the spread of nationalist ideas.

Lebanon was later contested between Muslim rulers until the Ottoman Empire solidified authority over the eastern Mediterranean.

Their authority began to rise with Fakhr ad-Din I, who was permitted by Ottoman authorities to organize his own army, and reached its peak with Fakhr ad-Din II ( 1570 – 1635 ).

Murad IV Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-i rābi ‘) < span dir =" ltr ">( July 26 / 27, 1612 – February 9, 1640 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.

The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924 ; the Caliphate's authority and properties were transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

After taking Constantinople, Mehmed met with the Orthodox patriarch, Gennadios and worked out an arrangement in which the Orthodox Church, in exchange for being able to maintain its autonomy and land, accepted Ottoman authority.

The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669 and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.

Later, in the 18th century, centralized authority within the Ottoman Empire gave way to varying degrees of provincial autonomy enjoyed by local governors and leaders.

Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro offers a singular example of monarchs willingly turning their power to ecclesiastic authority ( Montenegrin Orthodox ), as the last of the House of Crnojević ( styled Grand Voivode, not sovereign princes ) did, in order to preserve national unity before the Ottoman onslaught as a separate millet under an autochthonous ethnarch.

The Abbasids ' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Mamluk Egypt in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the Ottoman Empire and the capital relocated to Constantinople.

The Patriarch was subject to the authority of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, until the declaration of Turkish Republic in 1923.

With the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923, the authority of the Ottoman Empire over the Patriarch was transferred to the Republic.

The establishment of Ottoman suzerainty over the area placed the entire southern coast of the Mediterranean from the Straits of Gibraltar to Greece under Ottoman authority, with the exceptions of the Spanish-controlled trading city of Oran and strategic settlements such as Melilla and Ceuta.

The 16th-century Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned Venetian craftsmen to make a 4-tiered tiara modeled on the papal design, to demonstrate that his power and authority exceeded that of the Pope.

In most of Tripoli and Benghazi his authority was greater than that of the Ottoman governors.

Both tugay and tuğ-as military terms may owe their origins to the older Turkish word tuğ, meaning horsetail, which was used as a symbol of authority and rank in Ottoman and pre-Ottoman times.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

As the Ottoman Empire further fragmented during the Balkan Wars, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly the Balkan Muslims, flocked to Anatolia and were resettled in various locations, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.

Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century ( see the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire ).

His loss of the empire's few remaining territories in Anatolia made the Ottoman Turks posed to expand into Europe as did its lack of strength following his reign to prevent the formation of the Serbian Empire.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

* Mehmed Çelebi, Governor of Anatolia ( Amasya ) and later as Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi, ( 1389 – 1421 )-son of Devlet Hatun

After a meeting with the suspicious Ottoman commander Sayyid Muhammad Kurayyim, Nelson ordered the British fleet northwards, reaching the coast of Anatolia on 4 July and turning westwards back towards Sicily.

After the devastating 1354 earthquake, the Greek city of Gallipoli was almost abandoned, but swiftly reoccupied by Turks from Anatolia, the Asiatic side of the straits, making Gallipoli the first Ottoman position in Europe, and the staging area for their expansion across the Balkans.

In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: د َ و ْ ل َ ت ِ ع َ ل ِ ي ّ ه ٔ ع ُ ثم َ ان ِ ی ّ ه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿO < u > s </ u > mâniyye Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia.

One of the Ghazi emirates was led by Osman I ( 1258 – 1326 ), from which the name Ottoman is derived, son of Ertuğrul, around Eskişehir in western Anatolia.

In 1338 by capturing Uskudar most of Northwest Anatolia was in Ottoman hands.

With the conquest of Karesi, nearly the whole of northwestern Anatolia was included in the Ottoman Empire, and the four cities of Bursa, Izmit ( Nicomedia ), Iznik ( Nicea ), and Bergama ( Pergamum ) had become strongholds of its power.

The Ottoman Turks created a state in Western Anatolia under Ertugrul, the capital of which was Sögüt, near Bursa to the south of the Marmara.

Today, based on the Ottoman archives, we know that his full name was " Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri " and that he was born either in Gelibolu ( Gallipoli ) on the European part of the Ottoman Empire ( in present-day Turkish Thrace ), or in Karaman ( his father's birthplace ) in central Anatolia, then the capital of the Beylik of Karaman ( annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1487 ).

After the end of World War I, many Ottoman military personnel escaped from Rumelia to Anatolia for participating in the national movement.

* December 21 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.

In Anatolia, Osman I became a local chief, or bey, planting the seed that would eventually grow into the Ottoman Empire.

* 1281 – Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia ; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.

The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.

Ahmed I ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel, ) or Ahmed Bakhti ( April 18, 1590 – November 22, 1617 ) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617.

Ahmed II Khan Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثانى Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > ānī ) < span dir =" ltr ">( February 25, 1643 – February 6, 1695 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695.

Only a few weeks after his accession the Ottoman Empire sustained a crushing defeat at the Battle of Slankamen from the Austrians under Margrave Louis William of Baden and was driven from Hungary.

Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 30 / 31, 1673 – July 1, 1736 )</ span > was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 87 ).

However, this was halted as a report reached Constantinople that the Safavids were invading the Ottoman Empire, causing a period of panic, turning the Sultan's attention away from Russia.

The recovery of Azov and the Morea, and the conquest of part of Persia, managed to counterbalance the Balkan territory ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy through the Treaty of Passarowitz, after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18.

Nicaea, until 1261 the capital of the Empire, was under siege by Ottoman Turks.

By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the Ottoman Turks of Osman I and his son and heir Orhan.

After the Ottoman conquest of Greece, the Parthenon was used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army, and the Erechtheum was turned into the Governor's private Harem.

In subsequent years, the Acropolis was a site of bustling human activity with many Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman structures.

The dominant feature during the Ottoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon, complete with a minaret.

The castle was much fought over during the Crusades and was finally conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I in 1392 but was lost after the invasion of Timur Lenk in 1402.

Abdülaziz ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز / ` Abdü ’ l -` Azīz ; February 9 / 18, 1830 – June 4, 1876 ) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876.

Born at the Eyüp Palace, Constantinople ( Constantinople ), on 9 / 18 February 1830, Abdülaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the material progress that was made in the West.

In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe ; his trip included a visit to the United Kingdom, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail of Egypt.